This book offers an account of how merchants litigated on the basis of mercantile custom as well as specific legal procedures, using an ensemble of cases brought before the Dutch consul in Izmir in the second half of the eighteenth century.; Readership: All interested in the legal and socio-cultural tools early modern merchants had at their disposal to ensure the functioning of long-distance and cross-cultural trade. Those interested in European presence in the Ottoman Empire.
A sweeping history of our enduring passion for diamonds—and the exploitative industry that fuels it. Blood, Sweat and Earth is a hard-hitting historical exposé of the diamond industry, focusing on the exploitation of workers and the environment, the monopolization of uncut diamonds, and how little this has changed over time. It describes the use of forced labor and political oppression by Indian sultans, Portuguese colonizers in Brazil, and Western industrialists in many parts of Africa—as well as the hoarding of diamonds to maintain high prices, from the English East India Company to De Beers. While recent discoveries of diamond deposits in Siberia, Canada, and Australia have brought an end to monopolization, the book shows that advances in the production of synthetic diamonds have not yet been able to eradicate the exploitation caused by the world’s unquenchable thirst for sparkle.
The Award in International Investment Arbitration is a comprehensive study of the international investment award, which serves as a unique reference work and an authoritative one-stop resource on the topic for both practitioners and academics. The book reviews the award in a holistic manner: from award drafting to the procedural principles that govern it; from arbitral deliberations and tribunal dynamics to post-award challenges; from the role of gender in decision-making to the impact of tribunal secretaries. It puts emphasis on the practitioners needs with a careful selection of hands-on topics, such as fact-finding in complex disputes, the role of experts, and legal reasoning and persuasion. Sensitive to contemporary challenges, the book addresses both existing questions that have evolved over time and novel topics that have not yet received sufficient attention, such as the impact of technology on award drafting. By bringing together the biggest names in the contemporary investment arbitration scene - a unique line-up of highly-qualified arbitrators and experts from academia and international legal practice - The Award in International Investment Arbitration offers a singular reservoir of knowledge and experience on the topic, drawn from a diverse set of angles and perspectives.
Blending micro and macro approaches, the volume covers topics from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries related to the Ottoman military and warfare, biography and intellectual history, and inter-imperial and cross-cultural relations.
Based on the account of an Ottoman ambassador's expedition to France in 1720, G"o, cek's study reveals the complex and differential impact these two societies had on each other.
At the turn of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire straddled three continents and encompassed extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity among the millions of people living within its borders. This text provides a concise history of the late empire between 1789 and 1918, turbulent years marked by incredible social change.
Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.
Seafarers were the first workers to inhabit a truly international labour market, a sector of industry which, throughout the early modern period, drove European economic and imperial expansion, technological and scientific development, and cultural and material exchanges around the world. This volume adopts a comparative perspective, presenting current research about maritime labourers across three centuries, in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, to understand how seafarers contributed to legal and economic transformation within Europe and across the world. Focusing on the three related themes of legal systems, labouring conditions, and imperial power, these essays explore the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between seafarers' individual and collective agency, and the social and economic frameworks which structured their lives.
The present case studies on early modern travelers, dispersed often by unintended consequences of war, curiosity, economic or political reasons in the Mediterranean, the Americas and Japan, ask for what ́power(s) ́ and agency they still had, perhaps counterintuitively, abroad.
