This book examines the practice of international election observation in a Caribbean context. It presents a survey of the Commonwealth Caribbean perspective and a concise case study of Guyana between 1964 and 2015. This research traces the roots of election observation and how this practice became integrated into the landscape of Caribbean electoral politics. More specifically, the study examines the process by which election observers have become key actors in elections in the Commonwealth Caribbean. One of the issues the book contemplates is why Caribbean countries accept the imposition of observation within the context of sovereignty. The case of Guyana and other Anglophone Caribbean states shows the costs of not having observers have been multidimensional and have eclipsed concerns of respecting state sovereignty.
Elections often have to be held in emergency situations. The Covid-19 pandemic was one of the most serious emergency situations that the world has seen. The rapid spread of the virus presented a huge humanitarian threat—but also an unparalleled challenge to electoral stakeholders globally seeking to protect electoral integrity during times of uncertainty. This volume identifies how the pandemic affected electoral integrity, what measures were put in place to protect elections and what worked in defending them. It brings together a comprehensive set of 26 country case studies to explore how elections were affected on the ground, what measures were put in place and what worked. These case studies are of elections which took place in the eye of the storm when practitioners and policymakers were operating under uncertainty and without the benefit of hindsight. To learn lessons in a more systematic way, this volume also provides a thematic analysis of electoral integrity during the pandemic using crossnational studies. This provides the big picture for policymakers, practitioners and academics looking back at the crisis. The volume therefore seeks to contribute towards the future development of policy and practice. However, it does so by using academic research methods and concepts which enable greater confidence in the policy lessons, as well as contributing directly to the scholarship on democracy, democratization and elections. The volume includes 11 areas of recommendation based on the evidence collected in this volume to protect electoral integrity in any future emergency situation.
The report of the Commonwealth Observer Group for Maldives’s presidential election held on 7 September, the re-run election held on 9 November, and the run-off election held on 16 November 2013. The Group was chaired by Dr Lawrence Gonzi, former Prime Minister of Malta, and was comprised of 17 members in total. The Commonwealth Observer Group found that the elections were credible and duly reflected the democratic will of the Maldivian electorate. The Group provided a number of recommendations for how the process might be further strengthened.
The history of the Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, indentured Portuguese, Chinese, and Indian laborers provides an in-depth view of the evolution of the Guyanese people. It provides evidence of their strong cultural identity and reveals their ambitions, sense of direction, and perseverance to strive for well-being and happiness in the best possible life. A chain of events began in 1953 when British Guiana elected its first native-born leader, Dr. Cheddi Jagan. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, suspended British Guiana’s Constitution, ordered the dissolution of the Government, and imprisonment of the elected leader, his wife, and members of his cabinet as they were not compatible to Churchill’s taste. The United States of America had difficulty appreciating how different forms of government and economic systems are applied in different countries. In 1961, President John F Kennedy ordered his Central Intelligence Agency to subvert the elected leader of British Guiana. The leader fell and the CIA’s men, accomplishing their task, moved on to another. Thirty years later, the fallen leader was again democratically elected to lead his country. President Kennedy’s ruthless subversion of democracy became the policy for subsequent elections of using the divisive concept of racial and ethnic segregations. The racial and ethnic prejudices have affected the distribution of power, opportunity, and wealth and creating enduring social stratifications. The children became adults with a poor understanding of how imperialism, the ancestral slaves and indentured laborers influenced their lives and their country, and the powerful and lasting effects they have.
The use of computers and other technology introduces a range of risks to electoral integrity. Cybersecurity for Elections explains how cybersecurity issues can compromise traditional aspects of elections, explores how cybersecurity interacts with the broader electoral environment, and offers principles for managing cybersecurity risks.
The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Constitutions offers a detailed and analytical view of the constitutions of the Caribbean region, examining the constitutional development of its diverse countries. The Handbook explains the features of the region's constitutions and examines themes emerging from the Caribbean's experience with constitutional interpretation and reform. Beginning with a Foreword from the former President of the Caribbean Court of Justice and an Introduction by the lead editor, Richard Albert, the remainder of the book is divided into four parts. Part I, 'Caribbean Constitutions in the World', highlights what is distinctive about the constitutions of the Caribbean. Part II covers the constitutions of the Caribbean in detail, offering a rich analysis of the constitutional history, design, controversies, and future challenges in each country or group of countries. Each chapter in this section addresses topics such as the impact of key historical and political events on the constitutional landscape for the jurisdiction, a systematic account of the interaction between the legislature and the executive, the civil service, the electoral system, and the independence of the judiciary. Part III addresses fundamental rights debates and developments in the region, including the death penalty and socio-economic rights. Finally, Part IV features critical reflections on the challenges and prospects for the region, including the work of the Caribbean Court of Justice and the future of constitutional reform. This is the first book of its kind, bringing together in a single volume a comprehensive review of the constitutional development of the entire Caribbean region, from the Bahamas in the north to Guyana and Suriname in South America, and all the islands in between. While written in English, the book embraces the linguistic and cultural diversity of the region, and covers the Anglophone Caribbean as well as the Spanish-, French-, and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries.
The first of its kind, this book examines the mandates of and initiatives on electoral processes including election observation, electoral technical assistance, and gender mainstreaming of six regional organizations: the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of American States, and the Pacific Islands Forum. This publication captures the experiences of each organization, including the regional context, achievements, limitations, challenges, and prospects. This is a policy-oriented collection, and each chapter provides thought-provoking recommendations for both policymakers and practitioners."
"General Elections and Voting in the English-Speaking Caribbean, 1992-2005 provides a historical description and analytical account of elections and election processes in the Commonwealth Caribbean in the six decades since the introduction of Universal Adult Suffrage in the region. The Book studies the first decade of the twenty-first century and includes countries like Anguilla, The Bahamas, Belize and Guyana whose electoral records have not previously been accessible in a single source for the purpose of historical and comparative analysis. However, the work goes further in updating the story of Caribbean elections, political parties and the overall democratic experience, the authors address new and emerging issues including Political Party Financing, Women and Electoral Politics, Caribbean Governance and the overall effectiveness and suitability of the Westminster Model for all the territories of the region. Comprehensive, up to date and current, General Elections and Voting in the English Speaking Caribbean is a valuable compendium of statistical data for political analysts and party officials as well as an indispensable text for students and others interested in the evolution, transformation and the prospect for Caribbean democracy into the twenty-first century and beyond. "
This volume is a collection of essays presented at the 20th annual Eugene Scassa Mock Organization of American States conference, which is the nation’s only “hybrid” conference including an inter-collegiate competition and simulation of the Organization of American States, a moot court simulation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and a traditional academic conference for faculty and graduate students centered on the study of Inter-American relations and politics within the Western Hemisphere. The conference invited recognized authorities and promising new scholars in the vastly varied fields associated with Latin American studies. Taking a broad view of the academic study of the Western Hemisphere, the conference and, subsequently, this volume includes research from fields as diverse as international law, spatial geography, literature, religion, political science, and history. Taken together, these essays provide a fascinating multi-dimensional look at the intricate relationships between the polities and cultures of the Americas.
