This book addresses the fundamental challenges underlying bioelectronics and tissue interface for clinical investigation. Appropriate for biomedical engineers and researchers, the authors cover topics ranging from retinal implants to restore vision, implantable circuits for neural implants, and intravascular electrochemical impedance to detect unstable plaques. In addition to these chapters, the authors also document the approaches and issues of multi-scale physiological assessment and monitoring in both humans and animal models for health monitoring and biological investigations; novel biomaterials such as conductive and biodegradable polymers to be used in biomedical devices; and the optimization of wireless power transfer via inductive coupling for batteryless and wireless implantable medical devices. In addition to engineers and researchers, this book is also an ideal supplementary or reference book for a number of courses in biomedical engineering programs, such as bioinstrumentation, MEMS/BioMEMS, bioelectronics and sensors, and more. Analyzes and discusses the electrode-tissue interfaces for optimization of biomedical devices. Introduces novel biomaterials to be used in next-generation biomedical devices. Discusses high-frequency transducers for biomedical applications.
This book addresses the fundamental challenges underlying bioelectronics and tissue interface for clinical investigation. Appropriate for biomedical engineers and researchers, the authors cover topics ranging from retinal implants to restore vision, implantable circuits for neural implants, and intravascular electrochemical impedance to detect unstable plaques. In addition to these chapters, the authors also document the approaches and issues of multi-scale physiological assessment and monitoring in both humans and animal models for health monitoring and biological investigations; novel biomaterials such as conductive and biodegradable polymers to be used in biomedical devices; and the optimization of wireless power transfer via inductive coupling for batteryless and wireless implantable medical devices. In addition to engineers and researchers, this book is also an ideal supplementary or reference book for a number of courses in biomedical engineering programs, such as bioinstrumentation, MEMS/BioMEMS, bioelectronics and sensors, and more. Analyzes and discusses the electrode-tissue interfaces for optimization of biomedical devices. Introduces novel biomaterials to be used in next-generation biomedical devices. Discusses high-frequency transducers for biomedical applications.
This wide-ranging summary of bioelectronics provides the state of the art in electronics integrated and interfaced with biological systems in one single book. It is a perfect reference for those involved in developing future distributed diagnostic devices, from smart bio-phones that will monitor our health status to new electronic devices serving our bodies and embedded in our clothes or under our skin. All chapters are written by pioneers and authorities in the key branches of bioelectronics and provide examples of real-word applications and step-by-step design details. Through expert guidance, you will learn how to design complex circuits whilst cutting design time and cost and avoiding mistakes, misunderstandings, and pitfalls. An exhaustive set of recently developed devices is also covered, providing the implementation details and inspiration for innovating new solutions and devices. This all-inclusive reference is ideal for researchers in electronics, bio/nanotechnology, and applied physics, as well as circuit and system-level designers in industry.
This Handbook serves as an authoritative reference book in the field of Neuroengineering. Neuroengineering is a very exciting field that is rapidly getting established as core subject matter for research and education. The Neuroengineering field has also produced an impressive array of industry products and clinical applications. It also serves as a reference book for graduate students, research scholars and teachers. Selected sections or a compendium of chapters may be used as “reference book” for a one or two semester graduate course in Biomedical Engineering. Some academicians will construct a “textbook” out of selected sections or chapters. The Handbook is also meant as a state-of-the-art volume for researchers. Due to its comprehensive coverage, researchers in one field covered by a certain section of the Handbook would find other sections valuable sources of cross-reference for information and fertilization of interdisciplinary ideas. Industry researchers as well as clinicians using neurotechnologies will find the Handbook a single source for foundation and state-of-the-art applications in the field of Neuroengineering. Regulatory agencies, entrepreneurs, investors and legal experts can use the Handbook as a reference for their professional work as well.
This book presents a collection of chapters on modern bioelectrochemistry, showing different aspects of biodevices. The chapters cover biomedical applications, virus and antigens detection, miniaturized and wearable devices, screen-printed biosensors, hybrids surfaces, point-of-care and molecular diagnoses. They provide relevant bibliographic information for researchers and students interested in field effect transistors for biomedical applications, virus and antigens detection in immuno technologies and biosensors in point-of-care for molecular analysis, with strategies and perspectives to healthcare. This book also presents insights on advantages and properties of materials aiming biosensors applications.
This book reviews contaminants of emerging nature affecting the agroecosystem and includes important information regarding the their sources, types, transportation, environmental threats and strategies to decontaminate the affected agroecosystems. The contents of this volume will help the policy makers and environmental engineers in combating the continuously rising threats to cultivated ecosystems.
The routine measurement of significant physiological and biochemical parameters has become increasingly important for health monitoring especially in the cases of elderly people, infants, patients with chronic diseases, athletes and soldiers etc. Monitoring is used to assess both physical fitness level and for disease diagnosis and treatment. Considerable attention has been paid to electrochemical sensors and biosensors as point-of-care diagnostic devices for healthcare management because of their fast response, low-cost, high specificity and ease of operation. The analytical performance of such devices is significantly driven by the high-quality sensing interface, involving signal transduction at the transducer interface and efficient coupling of biomolecules at the transducer bio-interface for specific analyte recognition. The discovery of functional and structured materials, such as metallic and carbon nanomaterials (e.g. gold and graphene), has facilitated the construction of high-performance transducer interfaces which benefit from their unique physicochemical properties. Further exploration of advanced materials remains highly attractive to achieve well-designed and tailored interfaces for electrochemical sensing and biosensing driven by the emerging needs and demands of the “Internet of Things” and wearable sensors. Conducting polymers (CPs) are emerging functional polymers with extraordinary redox reversibility, electronic/ionic conductivity and mechanical properties, and show considerable potential as a transducer material in sensing and biosensing. While the intrinsic electrocatalytic property of the CPs is limited, especially for the bulk polymer, tailoring of CPs with controlled structure and efficient dopants could improve the electrochemical performance of a transducer interface by delivering a larger surface area and enhanced electrocatalytic property. In addition, the rich synthetic chemistry of CPs endows them with versatile functional groups to modulate the interfacial properties of the polymer for effective biomolecule coupling, thus bridging organic electronics and bioelectrochemistry. Moreover, the soft-material characteristics of CPs enable their use for the development of flexible and wearable sensing platforms which are inexpensive and light-weight, compared to conventional rigid materials, such as carbons, metals and semiconductors. This thesis focuses on the exploration of CPs for electrochemical sensing and biosensing with improved sensitivity, selectivity and stability by tailoring CP interfaces at different levels, including the CP-based transduction interface, CP-based bio-interface and CP-based device interface. First, we demonstrate different strategies for tailoring the physicochemical properties of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) beyond its intrinsic properties, via charge effects, structural effects and by the use of hybrid materials, as a CP-based transduction interface to improve sensing performance of various analytes. 1) A positively-charged PEDOT interface, and a negatively-charged carboxylic-acid-functionalised PEDOT (PEDOT:COOH) interface were developed to modulate the electrode kinetics for oppositely-charged analytes, e.g. negatively-charged nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and positively-charged dopamine (DA), respectively. These interfaces displayed high sensitivity and wide linear range towards the analytes due to the electrostatic attraction effect. 2) Various structured PEDOT including porous microspheres and nanofibres were synthesised via hard-template and soft-template methods, respectively, and were employed as building blocks for a hierarchical PEDOT and 3D nanofibrous PEDOT transduction interface, that facilitated signal transduction for NADH. 3) A PEDOT hybrid material interface was developed via using a novel bi-functional graphene oxide derivative with high reduction degree and negatively-charged sulphonate terminal functionality (S-RGO) as dopant to create PEDOT:S-RGO which delivered an enhanced electrochemical performance for various analytes. Based on the established CP-based transduction interface, biomolecules (e.g. enzymes) could be coupled to the CP surface to create CP-based bio-interfaces for biosensing. The immobilisation of enzyme was realised via either covalent bonding to a PEDOT derivative bearing a -COOH group (PEDOT-COOH) through EDC/NHS chemistry, or by physical absorption into the 3D porous PEDOT structure. The CP-based bio-interfaces were used to demonstrate the stable immobilisation of two different types of enzymes, i.e. lactate dehydrogenase and lactate oxidase, achieving the biosensing of analytes by relay bioelectrochemical signal transduction. Together, CP was employed as the CP-based device interface for the fabrication of a flexible and wearable biosensing device. A 3D honeycomb-structured graphene network was generated in-situ on a flexible polyimide surface by mask-free patterning using laser irradiation. The substrate was then reinforced with PEDOT as a polymeric binder to stabilise the 3D porous network by adhesion and binding, thus minimising the delamination of the biosensing interface under deformation and enhancing the mechanical behaviours for use in flexible and wearable devices. The subsequent nanoscale-coating of Prussian blue and immobilisation of enzyme into the 3D porous network provided a flexible platform for wearable electrochemical biosensors to detect lactate in sweat. Rutinmässig övervakning av hälsorelaterade fysiologiska och biokemiska parametrar har blivit allt viktigare för ett stort antal människor bland annat seniorer, spädbarn, patienter med kroniska sjukdomar, idrottare, soldater och med flera, på både en fysisk nivå för förebyggande av sjukdomar samt på en medicinsk nivå för diagnos och behandling av sjukdomar. Stor uppmärksamhet har lagts på utveckling av elektrokemiska sensorer och biosensorer som point-of-care (PoC) diagnostiska enheter for rutinmässig sjukvårdsledning genom deras snabba svar, låga kostnad, höga specificitet och enkla drift. Deras analytiska funktioner drivs av avkänningsgranssnittet vilket involverar signaltransduktion vid transducer-gränssnittet och effektiv koppling av biomolekyler till transducer-biogränssnittet för specifik analytigenkänning. Upptäckten av konventionella funktionella och strukturerade material, t.ex. metalliska nanopartiklar, kolnanorör och grafen, har underlättat konstruktionen av transducergränssnitt med hög prestanda på grund av deras unika fysiokemiska egenskaper. Ytterligare forskning av avancerade material ar önskvärt for att uppnå ett väldesignat och skräddarsytt gränsnitt for elektrokemisk avkänning och biosensering for Internet of Things och klädd sensorer. Ledande polymerer (LP) ar en typ av nya funktionella polymerer med extraordinär redoxomvändbarhet, elektronisk/jonisk ledningsförmåga och mekaniska egenskaper, som uppvisar betydande potential som ett givarmaterial vid avkänning och biosensering. Medan de inneboende elektrokatalytiska egenskaperna i LP:er är begränsade, speciellt for den skrymmande polymeren, kan skräddarsydda LP:er med kontrollerad struktur och effektiva dopmedel förbättra den elektrokemiska prestandan hos ett givargränssnitt med större ytarea och förbättrade elektrokatalytiska egenskaper. Dessutom ger den syntetiska kemin LP:er mångsidiga funktionella grupper för att modulera gränssnittsegenskaperna för LP:er för att förbättra selektivitet for analytdetektering, såväl som för effektiv biomolekylkoppling som ett biogränssnitt som överbryggar den organiska elektroniken och det biologiska system som stöds av de LP:s organkemiska natur. Dessutom möjliggör de mjuka materialegenskaperna för LP:er för användning i utveckling av en flexibla och bärbara avkänningsplattformar med låg kostnad och lätt vikt, jämfört med konventionella styva material, såsom metaller och halvledare. Denna avhandling fokuserar på utforskning av LP:er för elektrokemisk avkänning och biosensering med förbättrad känslighet, selektivitet och stabilitet genom att skräddarsy LP:s gränssnitt i olika nivåer, inklusive LP-baserat transduktionsgränssnitt, LP-baserat bio-gränssnitt och LP-baserat enhetsgränssnitt. Först demonstrerar vi olika strategier for att skräddarsy fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper hos poly (3,4-etylendioxytiofen) (PEDOT) som ett LP-baserat transduktionsgränssnitt för avkänning via laddningseffekter, struktureffekter och hybridmaterialeffekter för förbättrad prestanda för olika analyser utöver dess inre egenskaper. 1) Ett positivt laddat hierarkiskt PEDOT-gränssnitt och ett negativt laddat karboxylsyra-funktionaliserad PEDOT (PEDOT: COOH) gränssnitt utvecklades for att modulera gränssnittets kinetik for de motsatt laddade analyterna, t.ex. negativt laddad s-Nicotinamidadeninudukleotid (NADH) respektive positivt laddat dopamin (DA). Den elektrokemiska avkänningsprestandan hos dessa analyser förbättrades baserat på laddningseffekten med högre känslighet och ett bredare linjärt intervall. 2) Med tanke på den väl skrymmande filmbildande egenskapen och den resulterande låga tillgängliga aktiva ytan för PEDOT, syntetiserades olika strukturerade PEDOT inklusive porösa mikrosfärer och nanofibrer via en hård mall respektive en mjuk mall och användes sedan som byggstenar för hierarkiska PEDOT och 3D nanofibrosa PEDOT-transduktionsgränssnitt, vilket underlättar signaltransduktion for NADH. 3) Ett LP-hybridmaterialgränssnitt utvecklades med användning av ett nytt bi-funktionellt grafenoxidderivat med hög reduktionsgrad och negativt laddad sulfonatterminal funktionalitet (S-RGO) med förbättrad elektrokemisk prestanda fär olika analyser. Baserat på det etablerade LP-baserade transduktionsgränssnittet utvecklades sedan de LP-baserade bio-gränssnitten med immobilisering av biomolekyler (t.ex. enzym) för biosensering. Immobiliseringen av enzym på LP-gränssnittet realiserades via antingen kovalent bindning till PEDOT-derivatbärande -COOH-grupper (PEDOT-COOH) genom EDC/NHS-kemi eller fysisk absorption i porösa 3D-PEDOT-strukturer. De LP-biobaserade gränssnitten visar stabil immobilisering av två olika typer av enzymer, d.v.s. laktatdehydrogenas och laktatoxidas, vilket uppnår biosensering av analyter genom en successiv bioelektrokemisk signaltransduktion. Tillsammans användes LP:er som det LP-baserade enhetsgränssnittet för tillverkning av en flexibel och bärbar biosenseringsanordning. Ett tredimensionellt bikakestrukturerat grafennatverk genererades in-situ på den flexibla polyimidytan genom maskfri mönstring med laserbestrålningsteknik. Substratet förstärktes sedan med nanodeponerat PEDOT som ett polymert bindemedel for att stabilisera det porösa 3D-nätverket genom vidhäftning och bindning, vilket sålunda förbättrade det mekaniska beteendet för flexibla och bärbara anordningar. Den sekventiella beläggningen på nanoskala av Preussiskt blått (PB) och immobiliseringen av enzym i det porösa 3Dnatverket minimerade delaminering av biosenseringsgränssnittet vid deformation, vilket försedde en flexibel plattform för en bärbar elektrokemisk biosensor för detektering av laktat i svett med det monterade treelektrodsystemet.
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in perovskite and flexible electronics, OPVs and OLEDs and many others. Reflecting the rapid growth in research and development of organic (opto)electronic materials over the last few decades, World Scientific Handbook of Organic Optoelectronic Devices provides a comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in an accessible format. It presents the most widely recognized fundamentals, principles, and mechanisms along with representative examples, key experimental data, and over 200 illustrative figures.
This comprehensive volume provides current, state-of-the-art information on specialty polymers that can be used for many advanced applications. The book covers the fundamentals of specialty polymers, synthetic approaches, and chemistries to modify their properties to meet the requirements for special applications, along with current challenges and prospects. Chapters are written by global experts, making this a suitable textbook for students and a one-stop resource for researchers and industry professionals. Key Features: - Presents synthesis, characterization, and applications of specialty polymers for advanced applications. - Provides fundamentals and requirements for polymers to be used in many advanced and emerging areas. - Details novel methods and advanced technologies used in polymer industries. - Covers the state-of-the-art progress on specialty polymers for a range of advanced applications.
This book provides readers with an introduction to the materials and devices necessary for flexible sensors and electronics, followed by common techniques for fabrication of such devices and system-level integration. Key insights into fabrication and processing will guide readers through the tradeoff choices in designing such platforms. A comprehensive review of two specific, flexible bioelectronic platforms, related to smart bandages for wound monitoring and thread-based diagnostics for wearable health, will demonstrate practical application at the system level. The book also provides a unique electrical engineering perspective by reviewing circuit architectures for low noise signal conditioning of weak signals from sensors,, and for low power analog to digital converters for signal acquisition. To achieve energy autonomy, authors provide several example of CMOS energy harvesting front end circuits and voltage boosters. Beyond circuit architectures, the book also provides a review of the modern theory of sampling and recovery of sparse signals, also known as compressed sensing. They then highlight how these principles can be leveraged for design and implementation of efficient signal acquisition hardware and reliable processing of acquired data for flexible electronic platforms.
