Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Communications - Public Relations, Advertising, Marketing, Social Media, grade: Distinction, Macquarie University, course: ICOM 821 Intercultural Communication, language: English, abstract: This paper argues that advertising standardisation is only possible when cultures overlap. For this reason, the term of culture has to be captured and defined, before globalisation and its effect on advertising is considered. Then, the paper will investigate how advertising communicates across cultures and point out chances and flaws of Hall's and especially Hofstede's approach. By reviewing localised and standardised advertising, finally, a hybrid advertising strategy will be suggested.
Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Communications - Public Relations, Advertising, Marketing, Social Media, grade: Distinction, Macquarie University, course: ICOM 821 Intercultural Communication, language: English, abstract: This paper argues that advertising standardisation is only possible when cultures overlap. For this reason, the term of culture has to be captured and defined, before globalisation and its effect on advertising is considered. Then, the paper will investigate how advertising communicates across cultures and point out chances and flaws of Hall’s and especially Hofstede’s approach. By reviewing localised and standardised advertising, finally, a hybrid advertising strategy will be suggested.
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 1.7, University of Applied Sciences Essen, course: Analysis of Cultural Differences and their Effects on Marketing Products in the United States of America and Germany with a Focus on Cultural Theories of Hall and Hofstede, language: English, abstract: This thesis aims at analysing cultural differences and their effect on marketing products internationally. The United States of America and Germany are used to exemplify this issue. Today’s science provides numerous approaches to making cultural differences visible and tangible. All of these solutions and dimensions give companies, and people in general, a guide to becoming aware of and understand differences and how to cope with them appropriately. Trompenaars, a famous consultant for intercultural communication, uses the allegory of a fish and its habitat, water, to explain the characteristics of culture: “A fish only discovers its need for water when it is no longer in it.”2 Accordingly, culture can be seen as the substance that surrounds a human being and makes him unable to distinguish between different and normal. Therefore, this thesis uses the cultural theories of Edward T. Hall and Geert Hofstede, who both developed approaches to cultural differences by using either a four- or five-dimensions model. These cultural dimensions will be applied to the special circumstances and conditions which a marketer has to deal with in the United States and Germany and thus draws connections between those two different fields of science. As already mentioned in section 1.1, cultural differences play an important role in today’s international marketing. It is therefore important to examine if and how cultural differences, according to Hall and Hofstede, affect parts of the marketing mix for companies selling products in the United States as well as in Germany. The following questions can help to identify the necessary steps: What cultural differences, in both the United States and in Germany, could have an impact on marketing the products of companies selling in those countries? What impact do cultural differences have on parts of the marketing mix? Which adaptions should marketers make to their marketing mix due to the cultural differences? Is standardisation a successful method in both international markets? The answers should help the marketer make the right choice between adapting products to local circumstances or selling and marketing the same product all around the world. This thesis will attempt to answer these questions by applying the above-mentioned cultural theories, and will provide suggestions for how companies from the USA or Germany should conceive parts of their marketing mix. It will further provide examples of culture–related marketing efforts.
Diploma Thesis from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 2,0, University of Heidelberg, language: English, abstract: This research examines the relevance of intercultural communication for international marketing, focusing on corporate advertising via the Internet. The first chapter outlines the importance of cultural competence in the field of translation by analyzing the role of modern translators as language, culture and information mediators. Reference is also made to a relatively new field of translation, namely localization. Chapter 2 deals with different definitions and concepts of culture, and various approaches concerning which elements comprise it. Furthermore, it analyzes important culture-related terms also influencing intercultural communication, such as language, cultural differences, culture shock, ethnocentrism and stereotypes. The third chapter is devoted to communication, its components, forms and media. Chapter 4 illustrates the significance of intercultural communication by examining different intercultural aspects and concepts, and providing information on a definition and history of the term and on important intercultural communication theorists. Chapter 5 focuses on the phenomenon of globalization, both in cultural and economic terms. The next chapter refers to the significance of communication and culture skills for international managers and to key competences of international management that can be trained. Chapter 7 explores the broad field of marketing, emphasizing corporate identity and the elements comprising it, essential marketing strategies implemented by multinational companies and the international marketing principle “Think global, act local”, indicating how intercultural communication can determine the success of marketing activities. The last part of this chapter approaches the debate “standardization versus differentiation”. Chapter 8 is dedicated to advertising as a form of communication, common advertising strategies illustrated through concrete examples, cultural elements that advertisers should take into consideration and the two variants of international advertising campaigns: standardized versus culture-adapted advertising. The last chapter, after giving an insight into the history of the Internet and its multiple functions, explores its use as an instrument of international marketing communication and public relations, and as an advertising medium, focusing on corporate websites of multinational companies.
Books on intercultural communication are rarely written with an intercultural readership in mind. In contrast, this multinational team of authors has put together an introduction to communicating across cultures that uses examples and case studies from around the world. The book further covers essential new topics, including international conflict, social networking, migration, and the effects technology and mass media play in the globalization of communication. Written to be accessible for international students too, this text situates communication theory in a truly global perspective. Each chapter brings to life the links between theory and practice and between the global and the local, introducing key theories and their practical applications. Along the way, you will be supported with first-rate learning resources, including: • theory corners with concise, boxed-out digests of key theoretical concepts • case illustrations putting the main points of each chapter into context • learning objectives, discussion questions, key terms and further reading framing each chapter and stimulating further discussion • a companion website containing resources for instructors, including multiple choice questions, presentation slides, exercises and activities, and teaching notes. This book will not merely guide you to success in your studies, but will teach you to become a more critical consumer of information and understand the influence of your own culture on how you view yourself and others.
The key to any marketing strategy is finding a way to reach and appeal to the consumer. In the case of a diverse consumer pool, marketers must strive to direct their promotional efforts to appeal to a global customer base. Analyzing the Cultural Diversity of Consumers in the Global Marketplace explores the strategies associated with promoting products and services to a culturally-diverse target market. Providing innovative solutions for global brands, this publication is ideally designed for use by marketing professionals, executives, students, as well as researchers.
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Tourism and Hospitality is the first textbook to offer students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners a comprehensive guide to the influence of culture on service providers as well as on customers, affecting both the supply and the demand sides of the industry – organisational behaviour, and human resource management, and marketing and consumer behaviour. Given the need for delivering superior customer value, understanding different cultures from both demand and supply sides of tourism and hospitality and the impact of culture on these international industries is an essential part of all students’ and practitioners’ learning and development. This book takes a research-based approach critically reviewing seminal cultural theories and evaluating how these influence employee and customer behaviour in service encounters, marketing, and management processes and activities. Individual chapters cover a diverse range of cultural aspects including intercultural competence and intercultural sensitivity, uncertainty and risk avoidance, context in communication, power distance, indulgence and restraint, time orientation, gender, assertiveness, individualism and collectivism, performance orientation, and humane orientation. This book integrates international case studies throughout to show the application of theory, includes self-test questions, activities, further reading, and a set of PowerPoint slides to accompany each chapter. This will be essential reading for all students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners and future managers in the fields of Tourism and Hospitality.
The role of advertising in everyday life and as a major employer in post-industrial economies is intimately bound up with processes of contemporary globalization. At centre of the advertising industry are the global advertising agencies which have an important role in developing global brands both nationally and internationally. This book indentifies and addresses questions on the globalization of advertising through detailed study of the contemporary advertising industry in Detroit, Los Angeles and New York City and the way advertising work has changed in the three cities over recent years. The Globalization of Advertising draws upon previously unpublished research to unpack the contemporary structure, spatial organization and city geographies of global advertising agencies. The book demonstrates how teamwork in contemporary advertising agencies, intra-organizational power relations and the distribution of organizational capabilities all define how global agencies operate as transnationally integrated organizations. This in turn allows understanding to be developed of the role of the offices of global agencies located in the three case study cities, Detroit, Los Angeles and New York. The role of these three cities as preeminent markets for advertising in the USA is shown to have changed radically over recent years, experiencing both growth and decline in employment as a result of their position in global networks of advertising work; networks that operate in the context of a changing US economy and the rise of new and emerging centres of advertising in Asia and South America. This book offers a cutting edge overview of recent and current trends in the globalization of advertising and new insights into the way global advertising agencies operate in and through world cities. It will be a valuable resource for researchers and students studying Geography, Management and Sociology.
This volume includes the full proceedings from the 2011 World Marketing Congress held in Reims, France with the theme The Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientations in a Dynamic Business World. The focus of the conference and the enclosed papers is on marketing thought and practices throughout the world. This volume resents papers on various topics including marketing management, marketing strategy, and consumer behavior. Founded in 1971, the Academy of Marketing Science is an international organization dedicated to promoting timely explorations of phenomena related to the science of marketing in theory, research, and practice. Among its services to members and the community at large, the Academy offers conferences, congresses and symposia that attract delegates from around the world. Presentations from these events are published in this Proceedings series, which offers a comprehensive archive of volumes reflecting the evolution of the field. Volumes deliver cutting-edge research and insights, complimenting the Academy’s flagship journals, the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (JAMS) and AMS Review. Volumes are edited by leading scholars and practitioners across a wide range of subject areas in marketing science.
