Intangible assets in business valuation, with emphasis on real options approach
Intangible assets in business valuation, with emphasis on real options approach

Author: Selcuk Kocak

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2008-07-29

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13: 3640122321

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Master's Thesis from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: B, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, language: English, abstract: The change in the economy in the 20th century is more towards an economy based on ideas, away from the matter based economy of earlier times. The emphasis has shifted from natural resources to thought, ideas, design and organization11 Services replaced the importance of manufacturing. Contractor 2001, names this overall change as a de-materialization of the economy and quantifies the significance of the change by pointing out that by the end of the twentieth century 79 percent of jobs and 76 percent of the GNP in the United States were in the service sector. This change wasn't visible only in the US. European and Emerging nations did also portray similar trends. In 1969 Tobin introduced a new ratio called Tobin's q Ratio12, which have been a great influence on the valuation/measure of intangible components of enterprises. Having a look at the example of Microsoft's ratio between its market value and its book value, which in 1999 25 to 1 was, reveals the fact that most of the value is in the form of knowledge capital, in its employees, organization, patents, copyrights, brand value, etc. This ratio is bound to increase as the importance of intangible assets rises over the course of years. Though this increase is certain and expected, the valuation of these assets is still not clarified nor agreed upon. The value of the intangible assets is of importance to different audiences such as academicians, scholars, accountants, consultants, etc. and they haven't been able to come up with one single approach to solving the problem. This thesis will focus on a particular subset of intangible assets, namely patents, and demonstrate how to value them.

Valuation Approaches and Metrics
Valuation Approaches and Metrics

Author: Aswath Damodaran

Publisher: Now Publishers Inc

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 102

ISBN-13: 1601980140

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Valuation lies at the heart of much of what we do in finance, whether it is the study of market efficiency and questions about corporate governance or the comparison of different investment decision rules in capital budgeting. In this paper, we consider the theory and evidence on valuation approaches. We begin by surveying the literature on discounted cash flow valuation models, ranging from the first mentions of the dividend discount model to value stocks to the use of excess return models in more recent years. In the second part of the paper, we examine relative valuation models and, in particular, the use of multiples and comparables in valuation and evaluate whether relative valuation models yield more or less precise estimates of value than discounted cash flow models. In the final part of the paper, we set the stage for further research in valuation by noting the estimation challenges we face as companies globalize and become exposed to risk in multiple countries.

Damodaran on Valuation
Damodaran on Valuation

Author: Aswath Damodaran

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2016-02-08

Total Pages: 698

ISBN-13: 0470049375

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"Aswath Damodaran is simply the best valuation teacher around. If you are interested in the theory or practice of valuation, you should have Damodaran on Valuation on your bookshelf. You can bet that I do." -- Michael J. Mauboussin, Chief Investment Strategist, Legg Mason Capital Management and author of More Than You Know: Finding Financial Wisdom in Unconventional Places In order to be a successful CEO, corporate strategist, or analyst, understanding the valuation process is a necessity. The second edition of Damodaran on Valuation stands out as the most reliable book for answering many of today?s critical valuation questions. Completely revised and updated, this edition is the ideal book on valuation for CEOs and corporate strategists. You'll gain an understanding of the vitality of today?s valuation models and develop the acumen needed for the most complex and subtle valuation scenarios you will face.

The Valuation of Digital Intangibles
The Valuation of Digital Intangibles

Author: Roberto Moro Visconti

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-02-17

Total Pages: 543

ISBN-13: 3030369188

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This book offers a primer on the valuation of digital intangibles, a trending class of immaterial assets. Startups like successful unicorns, as well as consolidated firms desperately working to re-engineer their business models, are now trying to go digital and to reap higher returns by exploiting new intangibles. This book is innovative in its design and concept since it tackles a frontier topic with an original methodology, combining academic rigor with practical insights. Digital intangibles range from digitized versions of traditional immaterial assets (brands, patents, know-how, etc.) to more trendy applications like big data, Internet of Things, interoperable databases, artificial intelligence, digital newspapers, social networks, blockchains, FinTech applications, etc. This book comprehensively addresses related valuation issues, and demonstrates how best practices can be applied to specific asset appraisals, making it of interest to researchers, students, and practitioners alike.

Early Stage Valuation
Early Stage Valuation

Author: Antonella Puca

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2020-06-30

Total Pages: 389

ISBN-13: 1119613639

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Addresses significant developments in the valuation of early stage enterprises at fair value with emphasis on practical applications—features a broad selection of case studies of early stage valuation Early Stage Valuation: A Fair Value Perspective provides a comprehensive review of the current methodologies used to value Early Stage Enterprises (ESEs) at fair value for financial reporting, investment, and mergers and acquisitions. Author Antonella Puca, Senior Director with Alvarez & Marsal Valuation Services in New York, provides accurate, up-to-date information on recent guidelines and new approaches for valuation assessments. This authoritative guide examines how to apply market analysis, discounted cash flows models, statistical techniques such as option pricing models (OPM) and Monte Carlo simulation, the venture capital method and non-GAAP metrics to ESE valuation. The text considers the most recent AICPA, Appraisal Foundation and IPEV guidance, and examines developments in both academic research and venture capital investor practice. Numerous real-world case studies illustrate early stage valuation suitable for structuring sound, internally consistent business transactions. Covering current trends and the latest regulatory guidance in the area, this book: Provides step-by-step guidance on practical valuation applications Reflects current standards for ESE valuation, including the AICPA Guide to the Valuation of Portfolio Company Investments, the IPEV guidelines and guidance from the Appraisal Foundation Covers new approaches to the valuation of ESEs with option pricing models, Monte Carlo Simulation, calibration and non-GAAP metrics Offers an overview of start-up valuation Discusses how intangible assets are impacting the valuation of ESEs The book also includes contributions from Neil Beaton, Andreas Dal Santo, Alexander Davie, John Jackman and Mark Zyla. Early Stage Valuation: A Fair Value Perspective is an essential resource for valuation specialists, private equity and venture capital fund managers, analysts, attorneys, investment bankers, regulators and auditors, and investors with interest in the private equity and venture capital industry.

Real Options Theory
Real Options Theory

Author: Jeffrey J. Reuer

Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing

Published: 2007-07-05

Total Pages: 520

ISBN-13: 1849504946

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Examines the ways in which real options theory can contribute to strategic management. This volume offers conceptual pieces that trace out pathways for the theory to move forward and presents research on the implications of real options for strategic investment, organization, and firm performance.

The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers
The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers

Author: Baruch Lev

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2016-06-14

Total Pages: 268

ISBN-13: 1119191084

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An innovative new valuation framework with truly useful economic indicators The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers shows how the ubiquitous financial reports have become useless in capital market decisions and lays out an actionable alternative. Based on a comprehensive, large-sample empirical analysis, this book reports financial documents' continuous deterioration in relevance to investors' decisions. An enlightening discussion details the reasons why accounting is losing relevance in today's market, backed by numerous examples with real-world impact. Beyond simply identifying the problem, this report offers a solution—the Value Creation Report—and demonstrates its utility in key industries. New indicators focus on strategy and execution to identify and evaluate a company's true value-creating resources for a more up-to-date approach to critical investment decision-making. While entire industries have come to rely on financial reports for vital information, these documents are flawed and insufficient when it comes to the way investors and lenders work in the current economic climate. This book demonstrates an alternative, giving you a new framework for more informed decision making. Discover a new, comprehensive system of economic indicators Focus on strategic, value-creating resources in company valuation Learn how traditional financial documents are quickly losing their utility Find a path forward with actionable, up-to-date information Major corporate decisions, such as restructuring and M&A, are predicated on financial indicators of profitability and asset/liabilities values. These documents move mountains, so what happens if they're based on faulty indicators that fail to show the true value of the company? The End of Accounting and the Path Forward for Investors and Managers shows you the reality and offers a new blueprint for more accurate valuation.

The Economic Importance of Intangible Assets
The Economic Importance of Intangible Assets

Author: Patrizio Bianchi

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-11-30

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 1351146998

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This book is the result of a two-year interdisciplinary research programme named PRISM (Policy making, Reporting and measuring, Intangibles, Skills development and Management), financed by the European Commission and aimed both at understanding better how these assets are created and developed and what the policy implications of their growing importance in economies are. The book focuses on the policy issues raised by the increasing importance of intangible assets in a country's growth and competitiveness. The main idea is that the value of intangible assets, which is imperfectly captured by current economic indicators and imperfectly formalized in economic theory, lies in their being the cumulative elements that keep the economy together - the glue of the system. This argument leads to the focus on networks and social capital as drivers of the development of intangible assets and is illustrated by the case of EU innovation and knowledge diffusion policy.

Real Options and Corporate Strategy
Real Options and Corporate Strategy

Author: Christian Berner

Publisher: diplom.de

Published: 2000-03-01

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13: 3832421904

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Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: Every investment, for example new facilities, new products, or strategic partnerships is driven by the pursuit of creating values . Major changes are going on in the valuation of investments. Although the classic shareholder value concept is still a valuable source for identification of value drivers of strategic management, it needs to be extended in terms of its ability to evaluate long-term investment choices. Far too long capital budgeting has only been considered under aspects of its contribution to an overall added economic value rather than focusing on a firm s resources. Recent research emphasized the strategic value of resources leading to formulate the approach of a resource-based view of a firm s activities. Usually management tries to capture future development with static methods of capital budgeting, i.e. future cash-flows are discounted with a fixed risk-adjusted discount rate. However, the finding of present values and capitalized values could produce pitfalls in investment decisions. Strategic investment decisions are often characterized by a wide range of possibilities to react flexibly to the changing business environment. This area of tolerance in investment decisions could not be captured with traditional instruments of investment evaluation. In the 1970s, the discounted-cash-flow analysis (DCF) emerged and proved its practicability. This method assumes a now or never approach in undertaking a project. Some authors suggest adding the theory of option prices to investment decisions, as in the 1970s and the 1980s developments in the valuation of capital-investment opportunities based on option pricing revolutionized capital budgeting. Option pricing allows adaptation and revision of future decisions in order to capture managerial flexibility and to finally capitalize on any possible future development. To incorporate these real options means to limit losses and offers a vital contribution to long-term corporate success, especially in those marketplaces characterized by uncertainty and rapid change. This method also explains the value of waiting for the initial project and considers its value in comparison to the opportunity costs of waiting. These costs are dictated by the behavior of competitors and loss of cash-flow streams from the project. Incorporating this method could possibly lead to a better understanding of the importance of resource allocation, the value of strategic investments and [...]