Improvements and Analyzes of Sea Ice Drift and Deformation Retrievals from SAR Images
Improvements and Analyzes of Sea Ice Drift and Deformation Retrievals from SAR Images

Author: Jakob Griebel

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Sea ice is a key component of the climate system since it regulates the exchange of heat, the moisture, and the salinity in the polar oceans. The sea ice cover is set into motion and drifts, deforms and fractures under the action of external forces and respective boundary conditions. A positive trend in sea ice mobility, differential kinematics and deformation has been observed in the last decades. This increasing dynamics can increase the ice-albedo feedback loop, one of the most important feedback mechanisms related to climate change. The kinematics of sea ice is observed from space by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and quantified using drift detection algorithms. The requirements that the applied algorithm has to meet regarding resolution, reliability and computing time vary with the type of application. Sea ice kinematics and associated deformation processes occur across a wide range of spatial scales, from meters to thousands of kilometers. It is important to understand how large-scale behavior monitored by satellite relates to and depends on small scale processes of sea ice. Thus, the major objective of this study was to review and validate recent research results of sea ice drift and deformation characteristics obtained at larger scales by extending the analyzes towards smaller scales and examine emerging difficulties and challenges.

Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting
Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting

Author: Tom Carrieres

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2017-10-05

Total Pages: 263

ISBN-13: 1108417426

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A comprehensive overview of the science involved in automated prediction of sea ice, for sea ice analysts, researchers, and professionals.

Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route

Author: Ola M. Johannessen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2006-11-30

Total Pages: 564

ISBN-13: 3540488405

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Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route: Studies and Applications initially provides a history of the Northern Sea Route as an important strategic transport route for supporting the northern regions of Russia and cargo transportation between Europe and the Northern Pacific Basin. The authors then describe sea ice conditions in the Eurasian Arctic Seas and, using microwave satellite data, provide a detailed analysis of difficult sea ice conditions. Remote sensing techniques and the basic principles of SAR image formation are described, as well as the major satellite radar systems used for ice studies in the Arctic. The authors take a good look at the use of sensing equipment in experiments, including the ICE WATCH project used for monitoring the Northern Sea Route. The possibilities of using SAR remote sensing for ice navigation in the Northern Sea Route is also detailed, analysing techniques of automatic image processing and interpretation. A study is provided of regional drifting ice, fast ice and river ice in the coastal areas of the Arctic Seas. The book concludes with a review of the practical experience using SAR images for supporting navigation and offshore industrial activity, based on a series of experiments conducted with the Murmansk Shipping Company on board nuclear icebreakers.

Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 International Workshops and Challenges
Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 International Workshops and Challenges

Author: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2023-08-09

Total Pages: 652

ISBN-13: 3031377311

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This 4-volumes set constitutes the proceedings of the ICPR 2022 Workshops of the 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Workshops, ICPR 2022, Montreal, QC, Canada, August 2023. The 167 full papers presented in these 4 volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. ICPR workshops covered domains related to pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, computer vision, image and sound analysis. Workshops’ contributions reflected the most recent applications related to healthcare, biometrics, ethics, multimodality, cultural heritage, imagery, affective computing, etc.

Drift, Deformation, and Fracture of Sea Ice
Drift, Deformation, and Fracture of Sea Ice

Author: Jerome Weiss

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-14

Total Pages: 95

ISBN-13: 940076202X

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Sea ice is a major component of polar environments, especially in the Arctic where it covers the entire Arctic Ocean throughout most of the year. However, in the context of climate change, the Arctic sea ice cover has been declining significantly over the last decades, either in terms of its concentration or thickness. The sea ice cover evolution and climate change are strongly coupled through the albedo positive feedback, thus possibly explaining the Arctic amplification of climate warming. In addition to thermodynamics, sea ice kinematics (drift, deformation) appears as an essential factor in the evolution of the ice cover through a reduction of the average ice age (and consequently of the cover's thickness), or ice export out of the Arctic. This is a first motivation for a better understanding of the kinematical and mechanical processes of sea ice. A more upstream, theoretical motivation is a better understanding of the brittle deformation of geophysical objects across a wide range of scales. Indeed, owing to its very strong kinematics, compared e.g. to the Earth’s crust, an unrivaled kinematical data set is available for sea ice from in situ (e.g. drifting buoys) or satellite observations. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of sea ice drift, deformation and fracturing obtained from these data. We focus particularly on the scaling properties in time and scale that characterize these processes, and we emphasize the analogies that can be drawn from the deformation of the Earth’s crust. These scaling properties, which are the signature of long-range elastic interactions within the cover, constrain future developments in the modeling of sea ice mechanics. We also show that kinematical and rheological variables such as average velocity, average strain-rate or strength have significantly changed over the last decades, accompanying and actually accelerating the Arctic sea ice decline.

The Drift of Sea Ice
The Drift of Sea Ice

Author: Matti Leppäranta

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-03-06

Total Pages: 282

ISBN-13: 3540269703

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This book presents the fundamental laws of sea ice drift, as derived from the material properties of sea ice, the basic laws of mechanics, and the latest modeling techniques. Topics covered include the science of sea ice drift, forecasting velocity based on volume, size and shape, sea ice ridging and remote sensing, modelling of ice conditions, and the role of sea ice drift in oceanography, marine ecology and engineering.

The Drift of Sea Ice
The Drift of Sea Ice

Author: Matti Leppäranta

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-03-22

Total Pages: 370

ISBN-13: 3642046835

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The Second Edition of The Drift of Sea Ice presents the fundamental laws of sea ice drift which come from the material properties of sea ice and the basic laws of mechanics. The resulting system of equations is analysed for the general properties of sea ice drift, the free drift model and analytical models for ice drift in the presence of internal friction, and the construction of numerical ice drift models is detailed. This second edition of a much lauded work, unique on this topic in the English language, has been revised, updated and expanded with much new information and outlines recent results, in particular in relation to the climate problem, mathematical modelling and ice engineering applications. The current book presents the theory, observations, mathematical modelling techniques, and applications of sea ice drift science. The theory is presented from the beginning on a graduate student level, so that students and researchers coming from other fields such as physical oceanography, meteorology, physics, engineering, environmental sciences or geography can use the book as a source book or self-study material. First the drift ice material is presented ending with the concept of ‘ice state’ – the relevant properties in sea ice dynamics. Ice kinematics observations are widely presented with the mathematical analysis methods, and thereafter come drift ice rheology – to close the triangle material – kinematics – stress. The momentum equation of sea ice is derived in detail and its general properties are carefully analysed. Then follow two chapters on analytical models: free drift and drift in the presence of internal friction: These are very important tools in understanding the dynamical behaviour of sea ice. The last topical chapter is numerical models, which are the modern tool to solve ice dynamics problem in short term and long term problems. The closing chapter summarises sea ice dynamics applications and the need of sea ice dynamic knowledge and gives some final remarks on the future of this branch of science.

Sea Ice
Sea Ice

Author: Mohammed Shokr

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2015-03-16

Total Pages: 600

ISBN-13: 1119027888

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Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing addresses experiences acquired mainly in Canada by researchers in the fields of ice physics and growth history in relation to its polycrystalline structure as well as ice parameters retrieval from remote sensing observations. The volume describes processes operating at the macro- and microscale (e.g., brine entrapment in sea ice, crystallographic texture of ice types, brine drainage mechanisms, etc.). The information is supported by high-quality photographs of ice thin-sections prepared from cores of different ice types, all obtained by leading experts during field experiments in the 1970s through the 1990s, using photographic cameras and scanning microscopy. In addition, this volume presents techniques to retrieve a suite of sea ice parameters (e.g. ice type, concentration, extent, thickness, surface temperature, surface deformation, etc.) from space-borne and airborne sensor data. The breadth of the material on this subject is designed to appeal to researchers and users of remote sensing data who want to develop quick familiarity with the capabilities of this technology or detailed knowledge about major techniques for retrieval of key ice parameters. Volume highlights include: Detailed crystallographic classification of natural sea ice, the key information from which information about ice growth conditions can be inferred. Many examples are presented with material to support qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the data. Methods developed for revealing microstructural characteristics of sea ice and performing forensic investigations. Data sets on radiative properties and satellite observations of sea ice, its snow cover, and surrounding open water. Methods of retrieval of ice surface features and geophysical parameters from remote sensing observations with a focus on critical issues such as the suitability of different sensors for different tasks and data synergism. Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing is intended for a variety of sea ice audiences interested in different aspects of ice related to physics, geophysics, remote sensing, operational monitoring, mechanics, and cryospheric sciences.

Dual-polarization (HH/HV) RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR Observations of New, Young and First-year Sea Ice
Dual-polarization (HH/HV) RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR Observations of New, Young and First-year Sea Ice

Author: John Alexander Casey

Publisher:

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 135

ISBN-13:

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Observations of sea ice from space are routinely used to monitor sea ice extent, concentration and type to support human marine activity and climate change studies. In this study, eight dual-polarization (dual-pol) (HH/HV) RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR images acquired over the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter of 2009 are analysed to determine what new or improved sea ice information is provided by dual-pol C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data at wide swath widths, relative to single co-pol data. The objective of this study is to assess how dual-pol RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR data might improve operational ice charts and derived sea ice climate data records. In order to evaluate the dual-pol data, ice thickness and surface roughness measurements and optical remote sensing data were compared to backscatter signatures observed in the SAR data. The study found that: i) dual-pol data provide improved separation of ice and open water, particularly at steep incidence angles and high wind speeds; ii) the contrast between new, young and first-year (FY) ice types is reduced in the cross-pol channel; and iii) large areas of heavily deformed ice can reliably be separated from level ice in the dual-pol data, but areas of light and moderately ridged ice cannot be resolved and the thickness of heavily deformed ice cannot be determined. These results are limited to observations of new, young and FY ice types in winter conditions. From an operational perspective, the improved separation of ice and open water will increase the accuracy of ice edge and total ice concentration estimates while reducing the time required to produce image analysis charts. Further work is needed to determine if areas of heavily ridged ice can be separated from areas of heavily rafted ice based on knowledge of ice conditions in the days preceding the formation of high backscatter deformed ice. If rafted and ridged ice can be separated, tactical ridged ice information should be included on image analysis charts. The dual-pol data can also provide small improvements to ice extent and concentration data in derived climate data records. Further analysis of dual-pol RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR data over additional ice regimes and seasons is required.

Learning to Estimate Sea Ice Concentration from Sar Imagery
Learning to Estimate Sea Ice Concentration from Sar Imagery

Author: Lei Wang

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 110

ISBN-13:

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Through the growing interest in the Arctic for shipping, mining and climate research, large-scale high quality ice concentration is of great interest. Due to the unavailability of suitable ice concentration estimation algorithms, ice concentration maps are interpreted from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images manually by ice experts for operational uses. An automatic ice concentration estimation algorithm is required for accurate large-scale ice mapping. In this thesis, a set of algorithms are developed aiming at operational ice concentration estimation from SAR images. The major difficulty in designing a robust algorithm for ice concentration estimation from SAR images is the constantly changing SAR image features of ice and water in time and location. This difficulty is addressed by learning features instead of designing features from SAR images. A set of convolutional neural network based ice concentration estima- tion algorithms are developed to learn multi-scale SAR image features and simultaneously regress ice concentration from the learned image features. We first demonstrated the capa- bility of CNNs in ice concentration estimation from SAR images when trained using image analysis charts as ground truth. Then the model is further improved by taking into account the errors in the image analysis charts. Ice concentration estimates with improved robust- ness to training samples errors, accuracy and scale of details are obtained. The robustness of the developed methods are further demonstrated in the melt season of the Beaufort Sea, where reasonable ice concentration estimates are acquired. In order to reduce the model training time, it is desired to reuse existing models. The model transferability is evaluated and suggestions on using existing models to accelerate the training process are given, which is shown to reduce the training time by over 10 times in our case.