Brain Organoids in Research and Therapy
Brain Organoids in Research and Therapy

Author: Hans-Georg Dederer

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-07-09

Total Pages: 267

ISBN-13: 3030976416

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This volume elucidates the pivotal ethical and legal issues arising from the use of brain organoids for research, therapeutic and enhancement purposes. The function of the human brain is still a mystery. Until recently, only post-mortem tissue was available for a structural examination of the brain. Consequently, the examination results could only reflect the state at the end of life. However, in order to better understand the development and function of the human brain, dynamic and functional investigations of different human brain cells are necessary. This is where brain organoids, artificially grown in vitro miniature brains, provide the opportunity for more flexible research scenarios. At the same time, however, the use of brain organoids in research and therapy raises the question of how these new entities are to be treated from an ethical and legal point of view. Against this background, this volume aims at clarifying the normative implications of the use of brain organoids in research and therapy. The ethical reflections on the status of brain organoids, informed consent, human-to-animal chimeras and neuro-enhancement are mirrored by corresponding legal analyses. The ethical and legal assessments are preceded by an introduction to the scientific and medical background of the brain organoid technology. A final chapter will be devoted to the issue of whether international harmonization of normative standards for brain organoid research and therapy is feasible and advisable.

Brain Organoids: Modeling in Neuroscience
Brain Organoids: Modeling in Neuroscience

Author: Cristina Cereda

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2020-12-18

Total Pages: 101

ISBN-13: 2889662640

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras
The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras

Author: National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine

Publisher:

Published: 2022-01-08

Total Pages: 144

ISBN-13: 9780309303361

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The United States military is arguably the most intensely technological, complex enterprise in existence. When compared to the gross domestic products of other countries, the Department of Defense (DoD) budget ranks above all but about 20 nations. If viewed as a company, it would be the largest globally with the most employees. Major investments in weapons systems using advanced technologies provide an advantage over competing systems. Each weapon, platform, vehicle, and person in an operating force is a node in one or more advanced networks that provide the ability to rapidly form a coherent force from a large number of broadly distributed elements. DoD's ability to create and operate forces of this nature demands a competent understanding by its workforce of the composition, acquisition, and employment of its technology-enabled forces. Review of Specialized Degree-Granting Graduate Programs of the Department of Defense in STEM and Management focuses on the graduate science, technology, engineering, mathematics and management (STEM+M) education issues of the Air Force, Navy, and Marines. This report assesses the cost, benefits, and organizational placement of DoD institutions that grant degrees in STEM+M and evaluates alternative ways - for example, civilian institutions and distance learning - to ensure adequate numbers and high-quality education outcomes for DoD personnel."--Publisher's description.

The International after 150 Years
The International after 150 Years

Author: George Comninel

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-10-02

Total Pages: 311

ISBN-13: 1317487966

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The International Workingmen’s Association was the prototype of all organizations of the Labour movement and the 150th anniversary of its birth (1864-2014) offers an important opportunity to rediscover its history and learn from its legacy. The International helped workers to grasp that the emancipation of labour could not be won in a single country but was a global objective. It also spread an awareness in their ranks that they had to achieve the goal themselves, through their own capacity for organization, rather than by delegating it to some other force; and that it was essential to overcome the capitalist system itself, since improvements within it, though necessary to pursue, would not eliminate exploitation and social injustice. This book reconsider the main issues broached or advanced by the International – such as labor rights, critiques of capitalism and the search for international solidarity – in light of present-day concerns. With the recent crisis of capitalism, that has sharpened more than before the division between capital and labour, the political legacy of the organization founded in London in 1864 has regained profound relevance, and its lessons are today more timely than ever. This book was published as a special issue of Socialism and Democracy.

Brain Organoid Research
Brain Organoid Research

Author: Jay Gopalakrishnan

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-09-22

Total Pages: 232

ISBN-13: 1071627201

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This volume explores multiple methods and approaches used to generate human brain and neuroretinal organoids to address fundamental questions in human brain research. The chapters in this book cover topics such as self-organizing brain organoids with ventricles amenable to injection and electroporation; visualization of 3D organoids though the latest advancements in microscopy; generation of 3D retinal tissue with physiologically competent, light-sensitive photoreceptors; modeling brain tumors using genetically edited brain organoids; and brain organoids as a model to study Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Brain Organoid Research is a valuable resource for researchers at various levels of learning, ranging from undergraduate students, early researchers, and advanced laboratories. This book aims to be instrumental in moving this developing field forward.

Tumor Organoids
Tumor Organoids

Author: Shay Soker

Publisher: Humana Press

Published: 2017-10-20

Total Pages: 225

ISBN-13: 3319605119

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Cancer cell biology research in general, and anti-cancer drug development specifically, still relies on standard cell culture techniques that place the cells in an unnatural environment. As a consequence, growing tumor cells in plastic dishes places a selective pressure that substantially alters their original molecular and phenotypic properties.The emerging field of regenerative medicine has developed bioengineered tissue platforms that can better mimic the structure and cellular heterogeneity of in vivo tissue, and are suitable for tumor bioengineering research. Microengineering technologies have resulted in advanced methods for creating and culturing 3-D human tissue. By encapsulating the respective cell type or combining several cell types to form tissues, these model organs can be viable for longer periods of time and are cultured to develop functional properties similar to native tissues. This approach recapitulates the dynamic role of cell–cell, cell–ECM, and mechanical interactions inside the tumor. Further incorporation of cells representative of the tumor stroma, such as endothelial cells (EC) and tumor fibroblasts, can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment. Collectively, bioengineered tumors create an important resource for the in vitro study of tumor growth in 3D including tumor biomechanics and the effects of anti-cancer drugs on 3D tumor tissue. These technologies have the potential to overcome current limitations to genetic and histological tumor classification and development of personalized therapies.

Characterizing Consciousness: From Cognition to the Clinic?
Characterizing Consciousness: From Cognition to the Clinic?

Author: Stanislas Dehaene

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-05-27

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 3642180159

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Fifteen of the foremost scientists in this field presented testable theoretical models of consciousness and discussed how our understanding of the role that consciousness plays in our cognitive processes is being refined with some surprising results.

Human Neural Stem Cells
Human Neural Stem Cells

Author: Leonora Buzanska

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-09-12

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13: 3319934856

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This book summarizes early pioneering achievements in the field of human neural stem cell (hNSC) research and combines them with the latest advances in stem cell technology, including reprogramming and gene editing. The powerful potential of hNSC to generate and repair the developing and adult CNS has been confirmed by numerous experimental in vitro and in vivo studies. The book presents methods for hNSC derivation and discusses the mechanisms underlying NSC in vitro fate decisions and their in vivo therapeutic mode of action. The long-standing dogma that the human central nervous system (CNS) lacks the ability to regenerate was refuted at the end of the 20th century, when evidence of the presence of neurogenic zones in the adult human brain was found. These neurogenic zones are home to human neural stem cells (hNSCs), which are capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. NSCs isolated from human CNS have a number of clinical advantages, especially the innate potential to differentiate into functional neural cells. Nevertheless, their full clinical exploitation has been hindered by limited access to the tissue and low expansion potential. The search for an alternative to CNS sources of autologous, therapeutically competent hNSCs was the driving force for the many studies proving the in vitro plasticity of different somatic stem cells to generate NSCs and their functional progeny. Now the era of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened entirely new opportunities to achieve research and therapeutic goals with the aid of hNSCs.

The Recent Advances in Human Brain Organoid System and their Applications in Disease Modeling. An Introductory Review.
The Recent Advances in Human Brain Organoid System and their Applications in Disease Modeling. An Introductory Review.

Author: Dr.Hakim Saboowala

Publisher: Dr.Hakim Saboowala

Published: 2019-03-12

Total Pages: 71

ISBN-13:

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The diseases of central nervous system (CNS) usually are of complex and diverse etiologies, and could be further complicated by variable genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that differ among individuals. The complexity and delicacy of human brain make it challenging to recapitulate its: · Development, · Function and · Disorders. Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) provide a new tool to model both normal and pathological human brain, and greatly enhance our ability to study brain biology and diseases. Currently, human brain organoids are increasingly used in modeling neurological disorders and relative therapeutic discovery. An attempt has been made in this Booklet to focus on recent advances in human brain organoid system and its application in disease modeling and to discuss the limitations and future perspective of human brain organoids in modeling neurological diseases. ……. Dr. H. K. Saboowala.M.B.(Bom) M.R.S.H.(London)

Principles of Animal Research Ethics
Principles of Animal Research Ethics

Author: Tom L. Beauchamp

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2020-01-30

Total Pages: 177

ISBN-13: 0190939125

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This volume is the first to present a framework of general principles for animal research ethics together with an analysis of the principles' meaning and moral requirements. This new framework of six moral principles constitutes a more suitable set of moral guidelines than any currently available, including the influential framework presented in the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique published in 1959 by zoologist and psychologist William M. S. Russell and microbiologist Rex L. Burch. While other accounts have presented specific directives to guide the use of animals in research, Tom L. Beauchamp and David DeGrazia here offer a set of general moral principles that are adequate to the task of evaluating biomedical and behavioral research involving animals today. Their comprehensive framework addresses ethical requirements pertaining to societal benefit-a critical consideration in justifying the harming of animals in research-and features a thorough program of animal welfare protection. In doing so, their principles bridge the gap between the concerns of the research community and the animal-protection community. The book is distinctive in featuring commentaries on the framework of principles by eminent figures in animal research ethics from an array of relevant disciplines: veterinary medicine, biomedical research, biology, zoology, comparative psychology, primatology, law, and bioethics. The seven commentators-Larry Carbone, Frans de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret Landi, and Julian Savulescu-scrutinize Beauchamp and DeGrazia's principles in terms of both their theoretical cogency and practical implications, evaluating their relevance to the medical and scientific professions. The range of ethical issues encompassed in Principles of Animal Research Ethics will be useful to professionals in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and will also appeal to individuals and scholars interested in bioethics, animal ethics, and applied ethics generally.