This is the first full history of the six university observatories that undertook research before World War II - Oxford, Dunsink, Cambridge, Durham, Glasgow and London - and their struggle to evolve in the middle ground between the royal or government observatories, and those of the 'Grand Amateurs'. The book will intrigue anyone interested in the history of astronomy, of telescopes, of patronage networks, of scientific institutions, and of the history of universities.