Forest Condition in a Changing Environment
Forest Condition in a Changing Environment

Author: Eino Mälkönen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 387

ISBN-13: 9401593736

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The threats posed by air pollution and climate change have resulted in considerable public debate about forest condition and growth during the past two decades. Despite the massive input ofresearch resources, no clear answers have been found to these global questions. Although there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the effects of air pollutants on the forests, many of the questions associated with forest condition are still open. Monitoring of forest condition at the national level started in Finland in 1985 in accordance with the methodology drawn up by the International Co-operative Programme on Assessments and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests, UN/ECE). Since then, research into forest condition and vitality has been one of the key areas in the research carried out by the Finnish Forest Research Institute. Three basic questions formed the starting point for the multidisciplinary, Forest Condition Research Programme: What changes are taking place in our forests? Why does forest condition vary, and why do trees appear to be suffering? How can forest condition be maintained through appropriate forest management? This report covers forest condition and changes in environmental factors on the of the latest findings, publications and expertise of researchers participated in basis the Forest Condition Research Programme. In addition to researchers from the Finnish Forest Research Institute, a large number of scientists from domestic and foreign universities and research institutes also made a considerable contribution to the research programme.

Effects of Repeated Fertilization on Forest Floor and Mineral Soil Properties in Young Lodgepole Pine and Spruce Forests in Central British Columbia
Effects of Repeated Fertilization on Forest Floor and Mineral Soil Properties in Young Lodgepole Pine and Spruce Forests in Central British Columbia

Author: Robert Peter Brockley

Publisher: University of British Columbia Press

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13:

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Experimental Project (EP) 886.13 Maximizing the Productivity of Lodgepole Pine and Spruce in the Interior of British Columbia was implemented by the B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch in 1992 to examine the potential to dramatically improve the productivity of interior forests by permanently alleviating nutritional growth constraints. Nine area-based field installations (six pine and three spruce) were established on representative sites within three biogeoclimatic zones between 1992 and 1999. The growth and yield objectives of the "maximum productivity" study are to compare the effects of different regimes and frequencies of repeated fertilization on forest growth and development and to determine optimum fertilization regimes for maximizing stand volume production. In addition, several companion studies have been undertaken at selected sites to determine the long-term effects of large nutrient additions on above- and belowground timber and non-timber forest resources. The purpose of this report is to examine the 12-year effects of repeated fertilization on forest floor and mineral soil properties at two study sites (one pine and one spruce) in central British Columbia.--Document.

Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery
Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery

Author: Peter Brimblecombe

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-12-11

Total Pages: 405

ISBN-13: 1402058853

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This book looks at the sources and composition of the atmosphere and rainfall, with particular attention on acidifying components and those that affect ecosystems. It further widens the subject to look at trace metals. It includes papers on the impact of deposition on soils and forests and the recovery of the natural environment. Work on critical loads makes a contribution to understanding the degree to which deposition must be reduced to limit its impact.

Wood Quality and its Biological Basis
Wood Quality and its Biological Basis

Author: John Barnett

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-02-18

Total Pages: 240

ISBN-13: 1405147814

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Wood is the most versatile raw material available to man. It isburned as fuel, shaped into utensils, used as a structuralengineering material, converted into fibres for paper production,and put to newer uses as a source of industrial chemicals. Its quality results largely from the chemical and physicalstructure of the cell walls of its component fibres, which can bemodified in nature as the tree responds to physical environmentalstresses. Internal stresses can accumulate, which are releasedcatastrophically when the tree is felled, often rendering thetimber useless. The quality of timber as an engineering materialalso depends on the structure of the wood and the way in which ithas developed in the living tree. Tree improvement for quality cannot be carried out without anunderstanding of the biological basis underlying wood formation andstructure. This volume brings together the viewpoints of bothbiologists and physical scientists, covering the spectrum from theformation of wood to its structure and properties, and relatingthese properties to industrial use. This is a volume for researchers and professionals in plantphysiology, molecular biology and biochemistry.

Forest BioEnergy Production
Forest BioEnergy Production

Author: Seppo Kellomäki

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-09-12

Total Pages: 268

ISBN-13: 1461483913

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For thousands of years, forest biomass or wood has been among the main energy sources of humans around the world. Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels have replaced wood and become the dominant source of energy. The use of fossil fuels has the disadvantage of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially carbon dioxide (CO2), with the consequent warming of global climate and changes in precipitation. In this context, the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources like forest biomass is among the ways to mitigate climate change. This book summarizes recent experiences on how to manage forest land to produce woody biomass for energy use and what are the potentials to mitigate climate change by substituting fossil fuels in energy production. In this context, the book addresses how management can affect the supply of energy biomass using short-rotation forestry and the conventional forestry applying long rotations. Furthermore, the book outlines the close interaction between the ecological systems and industrial systems, which controls the carbon cycle between the atmosphere and biosphere. In this context, sustainable forest management is a key to understand and control indirect carbon emissions due to the utilization of forest biomass (e.g. from management, harvesting and logistics, and ecosystem processes), which are often omitted in assessing the carbon neutrality of energy systems based on forest biomass. The focus in this book is on forests and forestry in the boreal and temperate zones, particularly in Northern Europe, where the woody biomass is widely used in the energy industry for producing energy.

Management of Boreal Forests
Management of Boreal Forests

Author: Seppo Kellomäki

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-03-01

Total Pages: 727

ISBN-13: 3030880249

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This comprehensive textbook explores the boreal forests of Northern Europe, Finland, Sweden and Norway. Students will gain an overview of the forest ecosystem and the services it provides for modern society. From the production of timber, to the supply of food products or their use as a recreational space for human wellbeing – our forests serve many needs. Accordingly, the respective chapters cover various types of ecosystem service, e.g. supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services. The book’s main focus is on the management of boreal forests for the production of these ecosystem services. Addressing modern challenges, e.g. managing vulnerable boreal forests for adaptation to climate change, is an important aspect throughout the volume. Traditional forest management has to adapt and evolve in order to meet the increasing risk of abiotic and biotic damages to our forest biomass. Future forestry graduates will have to face more and more of these challenges; consequently, the book provides them with a wealth of scientific knowhow and possible counter-strategies. Forestry students in the Northern Hemisphere, be it in Europe, North America or Asia, will find this book an excellent reference guide. To make the content more accessible, it has been enriched with a clear structure, numerous illustrations and learning objectives.

Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy
Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy

Author: Dominik Röser

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2008-03-28

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 1402050534

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From time immemorial, firewood has been a very important source of energy for mankind. Later in history, wood for energy decreased its importance because of other more convenient and cheaper sources, mainly fossil fuels. Today, focus is again on use of forests as a producer of energy with main drivers being climate change, shortage and increasing prices of fossil fuel sources, and safety in energy supplies. However, intensive use of forest biomass is qu- tioned since fundamental ecological processes may be influenced negatively thus making up a trade-off with the benefits of using an otherwise sustainable source of energy. In this book, selected aspects of intensive use of forest b- mass for energy is treated with main focus on ecological aspects like maintenance of soil fertility, recycling of the combustion ash, inf- ence on biodiversity and pests, and economical aspects both at forest owners level and for society. Another focus point is the implemen- tion of this knowledge into decision support, recommendations and guidelines. The geographical scope is mainly the Nordic and Baltic region. The EU-financed project “Wood for Energy, - a contribution to the development of sustainable forest Management” (WOOD-EN- 1 MAN) , make up the frame for the book. Seven partners participated in the project: Forest & Landscape Denmark, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Lithuanian Forest Research Institute, Latvian State Forestry Research Institute, and Estonian University of Life Sciences with Forest & Landscape Denmark as coordinator.