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Author: Tilmann Röder
Publisher: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Published: 2011-11-25
Total Pages: 369
ISBN-13: 900421237X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAround 1900, standard contracts and clauses spread throughout international industries such as transport, insurance and finance. The "earthquake clause", which was globally introduced by reinsurers after the 1906 San Francisco catastrophe, exemplifies this paradigmatic change of the law.
Author: Niels Viggo Haueter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2017
Total Pages: 376
ISBN-13: 0198754914
DOWNLOAD EBOOKReinsurance was a global business from the start the method of spreading and balancing risks in international markets. But this also meant that reinsurance was more heavily exposed to global trends than many other industries. This book gives detailed accounts on how reinsurers dealt with all these challenges.
Author: Michael Zurn
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2012-06-18
Total Pages: 401
ISBN-13: 1139510975
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis volume explores the various strategies, mechanisms and processes that influence rule of law dynamics across borders and the national/international divide, illuminating the diverse paths of influence. It shows to what extent, and how, rule of law dynamics have changed in recent years, especially at the transnational and international levels of government. To explore these interactive dynamics, the volume adopts an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together the normative perspective of law with the analytical perspective of social sciences. The volume contributes to several fields, including studies of rule of law, law and development, and good governance; democratization; globalization studies; neo-institutionalism and judicial studies; international law, transnational governance and the emerging literature on judicial reforms in authoritarian regimes; and comparative law (Islamic, African, Asian, Latin American legal systems).
Author: Ross Cranston
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2021-05-27
Total Pages: 529
ISBN-13: 1108187692
DOWNLOAD EBOOKMaking Commercial Law Through Practice 1830–1970 adds a new dimension to the history of Britain's commerce, trade manufacturing and financial services, by showing how they have operated in law over the last one hundred and forty years. In the main law and lawyers were not the driving force; regulation was largely absent; and judges tended to accommodate commercial needs, so that market actors were able to shape the law through their practices. Using legal and historical scholarship, the author draws on archival sources previously unexploited for the study of commercial practice and the law's role in it. This book will stimulate parallel research in other subject areas of law. Modern commercial lawyers will learn a great deal about the current law from the story of its evolution, and economic and business historians will see how the world of commerce and trade operated in a legal context.
Author: James R. Silkenat
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2014-05-28
Total Pages: 366
ISBN-13: 3319055852
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book explores the development of both the civil law conception of the Legal State and the common law conception of the Rule of Law. It examines the philosophical and historical background of both concepts, as well as the problem of the interrelation between the two doctrines. The book brings together twenty-five leading scholars from around the world and provides both general and specific jurisdictional perspectives of the issue in both contemporary and historical settings. The Rule of Law is a legal doctrine the meaning of which can only be fully appreciated in the context of both the common law and the European civil law tradition of the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). The Rule of Law and the Legal State are fundamental safeguards of human dignity and of the legitimacy of the state and the authority of state prescriptions.
Author: Columbia University
Publisher:
Published: 1928
Total Pages: 372
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Peter Borscheid
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 2013-12
Total Pages: 497
ISBN-13: 0199689806
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book explains how today's insurance industry developed and highlights the role of the reinsurance industry in spreading risks globally. The book examines the development of insurance markets and of the reinsurance industry in particular, and the history of Swiss Re, one of the leading reinsurance companies in the world.
Author: James Mallery
Publisher: U of Nebraska Press
Published: 2024-06
Total Pages: 337
ISBN-13: 1496239407
DOWNLOAD EBOOKSan Francisco’s reputation for accommodating progressive and unconventional identities can find its roots in the waves of transients and migrants that flocked to San Francisco between the gold rush and World War I. In the era of yellow journalism, San Francisco’s popular presses broadcast shocking stories about the waterfront, Chinatown, Barbary Coast, hobo Main Stem, Uptown Tenderloin, and Outside Lands. The women and men who lived in these districts did not passively internalize the shaming of their bodies or neighborhoods. Rather, many urbanites intentionally sought out San Francisco’s “vice” and transient lodging districts. They came to identify themselves in ways opposed to hegemonic notions of whiteness, respectability, and middle-class heterosexual domesticity. With the destabilizing 1906 earthquake marking its halfway point, James Mallery’s City of Vice explores the imagined, cognitive mapping of the cityscape and the social history of the women and men who occupied its so-called transient and vice districts between the late nineteenth century and World War I.
Author: Ted Laros
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Published: 2017-12-29
Total Pages: 243
ISBN-13: 1683930169
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn 1994, artistic freedom pertaining inter alia to literature was enshrined in the South African Constitution. Clearly, the establishment of this right was long overdue compared to other nations within the Commonwealth. Indeed, the legal framework and practices regarding the regulation of literature that were introduced following the nation’s transition to a non-racial democracy seemed to form a decisive turning point in the history of South African censorship of literature. This study employs a historical sociological point of view to describe how the nation’s emerging literary field helped pave the way for the constitutional entrenchment of this right in 1994. On the basis of institutional and poetological analyses of all the legal trials concerning literature that were held in South Africa during the period 1910–2010, it describes how the battles fought in and around the courts between literary, judicial and executive elites eventually led to a constitutional exceptio artis for literature. As the South African judiciary displayed an ongoing orientation towards both English and American law in this period, the analyses are firmly placed in the context of developments occurring concurrently in these two legal systems.
Author: Mr.Johannes Wiegand
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2019-02-15
Total Pages: 28
ISBN-13: 1498301223
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn 1871-73, newly unified Germany adopted the gold standard, replacing the silver-based currencies that had been prevalent in most German states until then. The reform sparked a series of steps in other countries that ultimately ended global bimetallism, i.e., a near-universal fixed exchange rate system in which (mostly) France stabilized the exchange value between gold and silver currencies. As a result, silver currencies depreciated sharply, and severe deflation ensued in the gold block. Why did Germany switch to gold and set the train of destructive events in motion? Both a review of the contemporaneous debate and statistical evidence suggest that it acted preemptively: the Australian and Californian gold discoveries of around 1850 had greatly increased the global supply of gold. By the mid-1860s, gold threatened to crowd out silver money in France, which would have severed the link between gold and silver currencies. Without reform, Germany would thus have risked exclusion from the fixed exchange rate system that tied together the major industrial economies. Reform required French accommodation, however. Victory in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870/71 allowed Germany to force accommodation, but only until France settled the war indemnity and regained sovereignty in late 1873. In this situation, switching to gold was superior to adopting bimetallism, as it prevented France from derailing Germany’s reform ex-post.
