External Finance and Adjustment
External Finance and Adjustment

Author: Karel Jansen

Publisher: Springer

Published: 1997-12-13

Total Pages: 501

ISBN-13: 1349259055

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This book studies the impact of different sources of external finance on growth and development in different country contexts. An important finding of the study is that 'success' or 'failure' in the productive use of external and domestic financial resources cannot be explained on the basis of single factors such as external shocks or 'bad' versus 'sound' policies. Rather, they are outcomes of complex interactions between changes in exogenous factors (such as fluctuations in external finance and trade shocks), existing economic structures and the responses to shocks by domestic public and private sector agents. This finding also implies that there are no recipes in economic policy-making which are generally applicable; the 'best' policy has to be designed specifically for each country.

External Adjustment
External Adjustment

Author: Maurice Obstfeld

Publisher:

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13:

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"Gross stocks of foreign assets have increased rapidly relative to national outputs since 1990, and the short-run capital gains and losses on those assets can amount to significant fractions of GDP. These fluctuations in asset values render the national income and product account measure of the current account balance increasingly inadequate as a summary of the change in a country's net foreign assets. Nonetheless, unusually large current account imbalances, especially deficits, should remain high on policymakers' list of concerns, even for the richer and less credit-constrained countries. Extreme imbalances signal the need for large and perhaps abrupt real exchange rate changes in the future, changes that might have undesired political and financial consequences given the incompleteness of domestic and international asset markets. Furthermore, of the two sources of the change in net foreign assets -- the current account and the capital gain on the net foreign asset position -- the former is better understood and more amenable to policy influence. Systematic government attempts to manipulate international asset values in order to change the net foreign asset position could have a destabilizing effect on market expectations"--NBER website

Debt And Disorder
Debt And Disorder

Author: John Loxley

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2019-03-13

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13: 0429692188

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One of the most important and controversial challenges feeing the international financial and trading system is the need for developing countries to meet their high and rapidly growing external debt obligations and foreign exchange requirements. Developing countries have suffered major shocks in the form of global recession, high real interest rates, weakened terms of trade, and rising protectionism against their exports. The International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, Western central banks, and private financial institutions are seeking to avoid a collapse of the international financial system, and developing countries are seeking to grow through increased trade and access to external financing. Yet the fragility of current international trade and monetary systems seriously threatens the achievement of both sets of objectives. Professor Loxley integrates the structural adjustment experience of Third World countries with the policies, practices, and relationships of external financial agents in his discussion of options for reforming policy and of the limitations inherent in implementing these reforms.

Adjustment Programs and Bank Support
Adjustment Programs and Bank Support

Author: Vittorio Corbo

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 1991

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 9609301320

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Adjustment should begin with policy and institutional reforms to deal with the ultimate causes of any macroeconomic crisis a country is experiencing. Only when progress has been made in reducing inflation and fiscal and balance of payment deficits should other structural reforms begin - of the public sector, trade and competition, the financial sector, and the labor market.

Debt and Adjustment in the World Economy
Debt and Adjustment in the World Economy

Author: Rob Vos

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan

Published: 2014-01-14

Total Pages: 380

ISBN-13: 9781349236473

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The dismal experience of many developing countries with the use of large inflows of commercial bank loans and official development assistance in the 1970s and 1980s has manifested the continuous external vulnerability of their economies. This study provides a rigorous theoretical and empirical analysis of the international aspects of development finance, Credit-rationing rules set by bank managers and donor governments, together with uncoordinated macroeconomic policies in the industrialized world, tend to create unstable and inadequate external financing conditions for the developing world. This study not only makes overly clear that a global framework is needed to assess the contribution of external financial resources for development, it provides one as well.

The Balance Between Adjustment and Financing
The Balance Between Adjustment and Financing

Author: Jeffrey A. Frankel

Publisher:

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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When inflows change to outflows, a country often has less than a year in which to take steps to adjust. Adjustment is via some combination of expenditure-switching policies, such as devaluation, and expenditure-reducing policies, such as higher interest rates. Recent experience suggests that if the country chooses to finance rather than adjust, then it is likely to find that the crisis is much worse when it comes. Specifically, the country may then find that there does not exist any combination of policies that preserves internal balance -- i.e., avoids a recession -- while simultaneously meeting the external financing constraint.