Exploring the Longitudinal Effects of Racial Discrimination, Coping, and Racial Socialization on Depression Among African American Emerging Adults
Exploring the Longitudinal Effects of Racial Discrimination, Coping, and Racial Socialization on Depression Among African American Emerging Adults

Author: Aaliyah Churchill

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages: 41

ISBN-13:

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Experiences of racial discrimination are particularly salient amongst African American youth (García Coll et al., 1996; Williams & Mohammed, 2009; English et. al 2014). Racial discrimination has been associated with poorer psychosocial development, including higher depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, higher anxiety, etc, (Bank et al., 2006; Gaylord-Harden & Cunningham, 2009; English et al., 2014). Furthermore, literature provides sufficient evidence for the buffering effect of ethnic/racial socialization, in particular cultural socialization, and active coping skills on the mental health of African American youth in the context of perceived racial discrimination (Spencer et al., 1997; Wang & Benner, 2016). The current study aimed to investigate the impact of perceived racial discrimination (PRD) on depression across three years. Furthermore, this study explored the mediating role of active coping and the moderating role of cultural socialization on the the relationship between PRD and depression. These research aims were explored using the theoretical framework PVEST and theory provided by Cynthia García Coll, which consider the ecological factors that influence the development of children of color and the cultural specific coping mechanism that protect their well-being (García Coll et al., 1996; Spencer et al., 1997). The sample consisted of self-reports from 146 African American adolescents from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (MADICS; Eccles, 1992). Data was collected across three time points (Wave4, Wave5 and Wave6). In wave 4, participants were in their junior year of high school. Participants were reassessed when they were 1 year out of high school (Wave 5), and again three years after high school (Wave 6). During each time point, participants were assessed on their perceptions of discrimination, depressive symptoms, cultural socialization practices, and problem solving skills. Hierarchical regressions, cross-lagged analyses, and mediation and moderation models were used in the data analyses. Contrary to our hypothesis, only few paths between PRD and Discrimination were significant concurrently and longitudinally. Moreover, we found that active coping did not significantly mediate the relationship between PRD and discrimination over time. Lastly, cultural socialization did not moderate the relationship between this relationship over time.

African American Behavior in the Social Environment
African American Behavior in the Social Environment

Author: J. Camille Hall

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2013-10-18

Total Pages: 487

ISBN-13: 1317994221

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An essential text to help to understand human behavior and the processes that guide human adaptation Social workers and therapists need to assess the full range of aspects of their client problems such as socioeconomic status, academic achievement, parental incarceration, psychopathology, and other risks. African American Behavior in the Social Environment: New Perspectives explores the latest empirical and theoretical findings of human behavior and resiliency in African American individuals, families, and communities. Leading scholars provide unique insights into African American mental health, gender relations, family interactions and dynamics, inequality, poverty, the balance between work and family, and nontraditional families. This important text discusses in detail the importance of understanding the processes that guide human adaptation and understanding the dynamics of how particular ethnic groups, cultures, and people use resources to adapt to certain circumstances that can be useful in assessment and treatment. African American Behavior in the Social Environment: New Perspectives presents the analysis and research of several individuals in order to provide an understanding of how the concept of protective factors, racial identity, and racial socialization has been approached, the direction their insights have taken them, and the results of exploring the dynamics of African American behavior in relationship to environments. Research discussed in African American Behavior in the Social Environment: New Perspectives include: socioeconomic status health disparity the impact of having incarcerated parents academic achievement gap kinship ties leadership development race identity and socialization suicide among African American adolescents Black churches impact in HIV/AIDS prevention culturally relevant mental health services gender and sexuality issues policy and practice and much more! African American Behavior in the Social Environment: New Perspectives is an invaluable resource for counselors, marriage and family therapists, educators, and students in African American studies.

Oxford Handbook of Methods in Positive Psychology
Oxford Handbook of Methods in Positive Psychology

Author: Anthony D. Ong

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2006-11-02

Total Pages: 696

ISBN-13: 9780199775095

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In the short time since the publication of the Handbook of Positive Psychology esearch results on the psychology of human strengths have proliferated. However, no major volume has documented the methods and theory used to achieve these results. Oxford Handbook of Methods in Positive Psychology fills this need, providing a broad overview of diverse contemporary methods in positive psychology. With contributions from both leading scholars and promising young investigators, the handbook serves to illuminate and, at times, challenge traditional approaches. Incorporating multiple levels of analysis, from biology to culture, the contributors present state-of-the art techniques, including those for estimating variability and change at the level of the individual, identifying reliability of measurements within and across individuals, and separating individual differences in growth from aspects of phenomena that exhibit shorter-term variability over time. The volume covers such topics as wisdom, health, hope, resilience, religion, relationships, emotions, well-being, character strengths, and laughter. It enhances our understanding of the balance between human deficits and strengths and demonstrates their connections to other problems. Oxford Handbook of Methods in Positive Psychology will be the essential reference for methods in positive psychology.

African American Resiliency and Perceived Racial Discrimination
African American Resiliency and Perceived Racial Discrimination

Author: Danice La-Rae Brown

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13:

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Abstract: Racial discrimination continues to influence the lives of minorities, and society as a whole. Racial inequality has been linked to negative social, physical, and mental outcomes for many African Americans. As a result, researchers have begun to explore the protective power of racial socialization and other culture practices of African Americans that may aid them in overcoming adversity (i.e., resilience). The present study examined whether racial socialization moderated the relationship between racial discrimination and resiliency. Measures of racial discrimination, racial socialization, resiliency, and socially, desirable responding were administered to 304 African American adults affiliated with a large Midwestern university. Using hierarchical moderated regression, it was found that racial socialization buffered the relationship between racial discrimination and resiliency. For participants low in racial socialization messages perceived racist events were negatively related to resiliency. However, for individuals high in racial socialization messages, perceived racist events were not related to resiliency. Additionally, factor analyses were conducted on Stevenson and colleagues (2002) Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization scale to examine the validity of its factor structure with an adult population. These results are discussed in detail herein.

Age of Opportunity
Age of Opportunity

Author: Laurence D. Steinberg

Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 277

ISBN-13: 0544279778

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The world's leading authority on adolescence presents original new research that explains, as no one has before, how this stage of life has changed and how to steer teenagers through its risks and toward its rewards.

Racism and Psychiatry
Racism and Psychiatry

Author: Morgan M. Medlock

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-10-04

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13: 3319901974

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This book addresses the unique sociocultural and historical systems of oppression that have alienated African-American and other racial minority patients within the mental healthcare system. This text aims to build a novel didactic curriculum addressing racism, justice, and community mental health as these issues intersect clinical practice. Unlike any other resource, this guide moves beyond an exploration of the problem of racism and its detrimental effects, to a practical, solution-oriented discussion of how to understand and approach the mental health consequences with a lens and sensitivity for contemporary justice issues. After establishing the historical context of racism within organized medicine and psychiatry, the text boldly examines contemporary issues, including clinical biases in diagnosis and treatment, addiction and incarceration, and perspectives on providing psychotherapy to racial minorities. The text concludes with chapters covering training and medical education within this sphere, approaches to supporting patients coping with racism and discrimination, and strategies for changing institutional practices in mental healthcare. Written by thought leaders in the field, Racism and Psychiatry is the only current tool for psychiatrists, psychologists, administrators, educators, medical students, social workers, and all clinicians working to treat patients dealing with issues of racism at the point of mental healthcare.

Handbook of Race and Development in Mental Health
Handbook of Race and Development in Mental Health

Author: Edward Chang

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-10-02

Total Pages: 404

ISBN-13: 146140424X

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This project is unique in the field for a number of reasons, both in structure and in content. Specifically, it will have leading experts on specific age groups (Childhood to Adolescence, Young Adulthood to Middle Age, and The Elderly) within the cultural groups of interest (European-Americans, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and Native Americans) contribute a chapter covering current research on both positive and negative functioning for each population. Each chapter will present basic demographic information, strengths that contribute to resilience, and three significant challenges each group faces to maintaining mental health. Each chapter will then include an integrative section, where ideas are advanced about how the strengths of each group can be harnessed to address the challenges that group faces. To conclude, each chapter will propose future directions for research which addresses integrative approaches to mental health for each group, and the implications that such approaches could have for future treatment. The main points of each section of each chapter will be visually summarized in a concluding table.

African American Family Life
African American Family Life

Author: Vonnie C. McLoyd

Publisher: Guilford Press

Published: 2005-09-26

Total Pages: 367

ISBN-13: 1572309954

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This volume brings together leading experts from different disciplines to offer new perspectives on contemporary African American families. A wealth of knowledge is presented on the heterogeneity of Black family life today; the challenges and opportunities facing parents, children, and communities; and the impact on health and development of key cultural and social processes. Comprehensive and authoritative, the book critically evaluates current policies and service delivery models and sets forth cogent recommendations for supporting families' strengths. Following an overview that traces the ongoing evolution of theory and research in the field, the book examines how African American families fare on numerous indicators of well-being. Throughout, contributors identify factors that promote or hinder healthy child and family development, writing from a culturally sensitive, nonpathologizing stance. The concluding chapter provides an up-to-date framework for culturally competent mental health practice.

Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults
Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2015-01-27

Total Pages: 431

ISBN-13: 0309309980

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Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood.

The Relationship Between Racial Identity and Depression in African American Women
The Relationship Between Racial Identity and Depression in African American Women

Author: Shawndell K. Clay

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 154

ISBN-13:

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Racial identity is a complex construct that generally refers to how one defines his or her race, and how strongly one feels he or she belongs to it. Having an identity that is stigmatized yet highly salient to a person can be problematic in that people of color may be at risk of psychological distress due to experiences of racism, unequal treatment, and anxiety about future experiences of discrimination. Nonetheless, positive feelings of ethnic affirmation and belonging, appreciation for one’s ethnic identity, and increased ethnic behaviors have been identified as factors contributing to resilience and coping in African Americans. Research alludes to a strong, positive racial identity having a protective effect on the risk for developing depression; however, the nature and prevalence of depression in Black college-educated women has largely been understudied in the U.S., particularly in regard to women who have completed college or are of middle and high SES. The present study sought to explore the nature of depression and prevalence of depressive symptoms as it relates to Black women in conjunction with racial identity and education level using a sample of 167 African American women. Specifically, it was hypothesized that 1) education would negatively correlate with depression, 2) positive racial identity would negatively correlate with depression, and 3) the combination of a strong, positive racial identity and African American social network would more accurately predict lower depression better than positive racial identity alone. While Hypotheses 1 and 3 were not supported, Hypothesis 2 found support in a strong negative correlation between depression and racial regard, one of the three dimensions of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity. Results indicate that women who hold positive views toward themselves as Black people and perceive others as doing the same are at lower risk for developing depression. This connection indicates the importance of racial socialization and how fostering cultural pride can influence positive mental health outcomes in people of color.