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Examining the Women's Low Labor Market Participation Rate in the Philippines

Author: Connie Bayudan-Dacuycuy

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

While the Philippines has achieved several milestones advancing gender equality in the country, there are some areas that can still benefit from further government interventions. One such area pertains to the moderate female participation in the labor market, which hardly improved in the last 26 years. The lackluster participation of women in the labor market presents a continuing concern, and this is amply reflected in Philippine Development Plans and laws designed to support working women. However, other important factors remain to be addressed, and this paper looks into the role of women's housework. The paper also discusses the role of housework on men's market work. Doing so provides a holistic perspective and hence, a better narrative to ensure that both men and women equally benefit from development. Results indicate that housework affects both men and women's participation in market work. However, the study finds a bigger increase in women's market work participation when they do not engage in non-market work and a bigger decrease when their spouses do not share in the household production.

Gender Equality in the Labor Market in the Philippines

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher:

Published: 2013-12

Total Pages: 88

ISBN-13: 9789292544034

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This report analyzes gender equality in the labor market and related policies and legislation in the Philippines, and concludes with recommendations to promote gender equality. Key mechanisms for attaining inclusive growth for women requires expanding employment opportunities and decent work outcomes for women to promote gender equality in labor markets. Economic growth in the Philippines, however, has not translated into sufficient employment growth and the employment growth has not been inclusive for women. Generally speaking, there has been little improvement in gender equality in the labor market, as measured by the share of women in waged employment in the nonagriculture sector. In the Philippines, the estimated proportion of women's annual earnings to men's annual earnings stands at less than 60%. However, employment growth alone is not sufficient to judge whether there is inclusive growth, especially in low-income countries where there is significant underemployment and a large informal employment sector. Gender inequality in the labor market is ascertained here by reference to seven gender gaps (or deficits for women): labor force participation, human capital, the unpaid domestic and care work burden, vulnerable employment, wage employment, decent work, and social protection. Despite a variety of gender-responsive legal and policy initiatives, an assessment of the labor market in the Philippines reveals that although some gender gaps have been reduced, women still suffer from persistent gender deficits.

Women in Labour Markets

Author: Sara Elder

Publisher:

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789221233183

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Offers an analysis of 12 indicators from the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. The aim is to look for progress or lack of progress towards the goal of gender equality in the world of work and identify where and why blockages to labour market equity continue to exist. Focuses on the relationship of women to labour markets and compares employment outcomes for men and women to the best degree possible given the available labour market indicators.

Women in the Workforce

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher: Asian Development Bank

Published: 2015-04-01

Total Pages: 136

ISBN-13: 9292549146

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Despite economic growth, decreasing fertility rates, and rising education levels, women in Asia are on average 70% less likely than men to be in the labor force, with the country-to-country percentage varying anywhere from 3% to 80%. Results of a new simulation model suggest that closing the gender gap could generate a 30% increase in the per capita income of a hypothetical average Asian economy in one generation. This report discusses the reasons behind the continuing gap in the labor force participation rate between women and men in Asia and the Pacific, the impact of this gap on economic growth, and policy lessons drawn from specific country experiences in the region and elsewhere in the world. The channels of gender inequality are so complex that policy interventions must go beyond economics to effectively address them. Such a multidimensional approach to reducing gender inequality could unleash a nation's full potential for inclusive growth and development.

Labour Market Participation in India

Author: Arup Mitra

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-11-16

Total Pages: 84

ISBN-13: 9811071438

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This book focuses on the gender-specific labour force participation rates across regions in India and identifies its most important determinants. Before concentrating on the Indian context, it examines the participation rates of various countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Not unexpectedly, the study shows that the rate is significantly lower for females than for males in this region. The rural–urban differentials are more pronounced and the inter-state variations are more sizable among females than males. Even in large cities, the female labour market participation is lower than that in the rural areas despite higher levels of education. However, in terms of inter-spatial (rural/urban/city) variations, the impact of infrastructure, education, health and urbanization on the labour force participation of both genders is quite distinct. On the whole, the study reinforces the stance that women’s participation in productive activities has a doubly positive impact; it not only raises the household income, but also contributes to the wellbeing of the household. These findings are important from a policy perspective, as different infrastructure variables are confirmed to improve both participation and labour productivity. As such, the book offers a valuable resource not only for researchers, but also for NGOs and policymakers.

On Norms and Agency

Author: Ana María Muñoz Boudet

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2013-04-25

Total Pages: 231

ISBN-13: 082139892X

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Based on focus groups and interviews with nearly 4,000 women, men, girls, and boys from 20 countries, this book explores areas that are less often studied in gender and development: gender norms and agency. It reveals how little gender norms have changed, how similar they are across countries, and how they are being challenged and contested.

China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality

Author: International Monetary Fund

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2021-05-11

Total Pages: 27

ISBN-13: 1513573772

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This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.

Building Effective Employment Programs for Unemployed Youth in the Middle East and North Africa

Author: Diego F. Angel-Urdinola

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2013-07-17

Total Pages: 189

ISBN-13: 0821399055

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Given the labor market challenges that countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are facing (notably high unemployment, prevalence of skills mismatches, low labor market mobility, and lack of formal employment networks), employment services could be a relevant policy instrument to assist unemployed individuals to find jobs. Despite high and increasing unemployment rates, employers in the region are facing difficulties to find workers whose competences and skills fit their employment needs. The study first surveys international best practices for the delivery of employment services and then reviews the provision of these services in a selected group of countries in the MENA region, with a focus on public provision through existing public employment agencies. Findings indicate public agencies in the region face many challenges for the effective delivery of employment programs, namely poor administrative capacity,system fragmentation, lack of governance and accountability, regulation bottlenecks, and flaws in program design. In order to help unemployed workers to obtain the competences required by available jobs, this study proposes a reform agenda based on the development of strong partnerships between public agencies, public providers, and employers for the design and implementation of flexible employment programs that respond to real employment needs. These partnershipss will need to be developed with strong governance mechanisms that make beneficiaries, private providers, and firms accountable for making sure that investments in employment programs lead to employment insertion. The book is directed to policy makers, practitioners, economists, and anyone interested in international best practices to promote a more effective delivery of employment services.

Towards Inclusive Social Protection Program Coverage in the Philippines

Author: Aubrey D. Tabuga

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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The Philippines, being prone to natural calamities and vulnerable to economic fluctuations, has much to accomplish in terms of improving its population's access to social protection. A focus on women's access is crucial in the light of their significantly lower labor force participation rate (LFPR) compared to men's and because many women are in the informal sector. A study by the Asian Development Bank noted that the disparities in the access to social protection between men and women are found largely in social insurance, attributed to low representation of women in the formal sector resulting in the inability of many women to gain social insurance benefits. Using survey-based data from the Philippine Statistics Authority, this paper examines people's access to social protection by looking at the coverage of various social protection programs such as the Government Service Insurance System for government workers, Social Security System for private sector workers, and PhilHealth. It examines the circumstances of different groups of workers such as wage and nonwage earners, the self-employed, and the household workers, among others. It identifies the types of occupations and locations of those without access to social protection who belong to the bottom 30 percent of households as these represent those most in need of government intervention. This analysis is supplemented by an empirical estimation of the likelihood to be covered by social insurance schemes for both employed and unemployed persons. It likewise offers a closer look at the characteristics of those not in the labor force because this is a primary reason for the exclusion of many individuals in accessing social protection. Furthermore, the study examines the social insurance aspect of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). The overall goal of this undertaking is to recommend insights for purposes of improving the coverage of social protection programs in the country.