Evaluation of Harmonic Risk in Offshore Wind Farms
Author: Markel Zubiaga
Publisher:
Published: 2012
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKEvaluation of Harmonic Risk in Offshore Wind Farms.
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Author: Markel Zubiaga
Publisher:
Published: 2012
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKEvaluation of Harmonic Risk in Offshore Wind Farms.
Author: Jakob Bærholm Glasdam
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2015-10-26
Total Pages: 219
ISBN-13: 3319264761
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book reports on cutting-edge findings regarding harmonic stability assessment for offshore wind power plants (OWPPs). It presents a timely investigation of the harmonic stability interaction between OWPPs on the one hand, and associated control systems in the wind turbines and other power electronic devices in the transmission system on the other. The book particularly focuses on voltage-sourced converter high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) and static compensator (STATCOM) systems. From a practical perspective, the book reports on appropriate models for power electronic devices. It describes how the frequency domain evaluation approach can be assessed by comparing results obtained with the Nyquist stability criterion against the more detailed electromagnetic transient based model realized in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The book also provides a concise yet complete overview of large OWPPs that incorporate power electronic devices on a broad scale, and highlights selected challenges and opportunities in the context of real-world applications.
Author: Lara Depla
Publisher:
Published: 2019
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe connection of new Offshore Wind Power Plants (OWPP) in the existing Dutch transmission system gives rise to many technical challenges. For example, it is expected that harmonic issues will occur more frequently when the number of large offshore wind farms increases. Cases have already been reported in which resonances were triggered in HVDC- or HVAC-connected OWPPs and the wind farms had to be taken out of operation. Recently developed offshore wind farms contain wind turbines which are connected to the system with a full-scale back-to-back Voltage Source Converter, which is responsible for inserting harmonics into the system. The onshore grid is also responsible for injecting harmonics. Since the wind turbine converter is an active element, where the control loops actively determine its electrical behaviour, it interacts with other converters and with the background harmonics inserted from the network. The initial harmonic emissions and the harmonic interactions can lead to an excitation of a resonance frequency. The cables, transformers, capacitor banks and filters are responsible for shifting the resonance frequencies. Especially a long HV export cable can strongly alter the resonance frequencies of the system. To analyze the impact of connecting an increasing amount of wind farms to the same Point of Connection on the harmonic emission levels, a Harmonic Impact Assessment was performed for three offshore wind farms in the Dutch North Sea. Since the wind turbine converters are active elements, its electrical behaviour can be captured with an equivalent impedance, or Norton Equivalent. This Norton Equivalent was utilized in the Harmonic Impact Assessment to include the active behaviour of the converter. When comparing this novel approach to the conventional methodology, the expected peaks in the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) are shifted. When an increasing amount of wind farms is connected, peaks in the THD shifted to lower frequencies. Then, depending on the specific profile of the background harmonics and the impedance profiles of the grid and the OWPP, this translates into the disappearance of appearance of an exceedance of the emission limits. The effect of connecting two wind farms to the same Point of Connection instead of a single wind farm on the harmonic stability, was assessed. Frequency sweeps of the two assessed wind farms made clear that the presence of an additional filter in a wind farm leads to a small shift in the series resonance points. When multiple wind farms are connected instead of solely one wind farm, series resonance frequencies are shifted to lower frequencies and less damping appears to be present in the system. Lastly, the postive-net damping criteria was applied to assess the stability of a system in which a varying number of wind farms is connected. Time-domain simulations in PSCAD were performed to varify the results. It can be concluded that a system becomes less damped, and therefore less stable, when an increasing amount of wind farms is connected. This effect arises since the various wind farms are placed in parallel and the total resistance of the wind farms becomes smaller than the sum of the resistances of each wind farm. Moreover, when less wind turbines are in operation, less damping is present in the system since the resistance of a single OWPP is then decreased.
Author: Markel Zubiaga
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Published: 2012-03-21
Total Pages: 262
ISBN-13: 9535103687
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book analyses the key issues of the offshore wind farm's energy transmission and grid integration infrastructure. But, for this purpose, there are not evaluated all the electric configurations. In the present book is deeply evaluated a representative case. This representative case is built starting from three generic characteristics of an offshore wind farm: the rated power, the distance to shore and the average wind speed of the location. Thus, after a brief description of concepts related to wind power and several subsea cable modeling options, an offshore wind farm is modeled and its parameters defined to use as a base case. Upon this base case, several analyses of the key aspects of the connection infrastructure are performed. The first aspect to analyze is the management of the reactive power flowing through the submarine cable. Then, the undesired harmonic amplifications in the offshore wind farms due to the resonances and after this, transient over-voltage problems in the electric infrastructure are characterized. Finally, an offshore wind farm connection infrastructure is proposed in order to achieve the grid code requirements for a specific system operator, but not as a close solution, as a result of a methodology based on analyses and simulations to define the most suitable layout depending on the size and location of each offshore wind farm.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Offshore Wind Energy Turbine Structural and Operating Safety
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
Published: 2011-09-02
Total Pages: 194
ISBN-13: 0309160820
DOWNLOAD EBOOK"The U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) is responsible for the orderly, safe, and environmentally responsible development of offshore renewable energy on the outer continental shelf (OCS). The Committee on Offshore Wind Energy Turbine Structural and Operating Safety that authored this report was tasked with reviewing BOEMRE's proposed approach to overseeing the design of offshore wind turbines for structural integrity. The committee was asked to review the applicability and adequacy of standards and practices that could be used for the design, fabrication and installation of offshore wind turbines. It was also asked to review the role of third-party certified verification agents (CVAs) and the expertise and qualifications needed to carry out the role of a CVA. The committee's findings are presented in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Offshore Wind Technology and Status; (3) Standards and Practices; (4) A Risk-Informed Approach to Performance Assurance; (5) Role of Third-Party Oversight and Certified Verification Agents; (6) Qualifications Needed by Certified Verification Agents; and (7) Summary of Key Findings and Recommendations."--Pub. desc.
Author: Peter Tavner
Publisher: IET
Published: 2012-08-09
Total Pages: 292
ISBN-13: 1849192294
DOWNLOAD EBOOKOffshore Wind Turbines clearly presents the facts and figures of wind turbine operation and maintenance in the inclement offshore environment.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee on Offshore Wind Farm Worker Safety
Publisher: Transportation Research Board National Research
Published: 2013
Total Pages: 180
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK"TRB Special Report 310: Worker Health and Safety on Offshore Wind Farms examines the hazards and risks to workers on offshore wind farms on the outer continental shelf as compared with the hazards and risks to workers on offshore oil and gas operations. The report explores gaps and overlaps in jurisdictional authority for worker health and safety on offshore wind farms and evaluates the adequacy of--and recommends enhancements to--the existing safety management system (SMS) requirement published in 30 CFR 585.810. The study committee recommends that the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) adopt a full SMS rule for workers on offshore wind farms at a level of detail that includes the baseline elements identified in this report. An enhanced SMS rule should require the use of human factors engineering elements in the design process and should encompass all activities that the lessee and its contractors undertake. In collaboration with other regulatory agencies and industry stakeholders, BOEM should clearly define roles and responsibilities and indicate which standards could apply for all phases of wind farm development, regardless of jurisdiction. Also, with the help of stakeholders, BOEM should support the development of guidelines and recommended practices that could be used as guidance documents or adopted by referen"-
Author: Markel Zubiaga
Publisher:
Published: 2011
Total Pages:
ISBN-13: 9789533074672
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor:
Publisher:
Published: 2005
Total Pages: 156
ISBN-13: 9781850880974
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Markel Zubiaga
Publisher:
Published: 2011
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKEvaluation of the Frequency Response of AC Transmission Based Offshore Wind Farms.