Evaluation and Application of Enteric Virus Recovery Techniques for Environmental Water Monitoring
Evaluation and Application of Enteric Virus Recovery Techniques for Environmental Water Monitoring

Author: Annie Rebecca Phillips

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 128

ISBN-13:

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Virus recovery techniques must preserve enteric viruses present in environmental waters and remove co-concentrated PCR inhibitory compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate and apply virus recovery techniques for use in environmental water monitoring. For each technique, the percent recovery was determined for multiple enteric viral pathogens and process control viruses. Poly-ethylene glycol precipitation was shown to be the main source of viral loss, with percent recoveries ranging from 0.0% to 4.7%. Chloroform extraction and ultrafiltration had percent recoveries ranging from 277.2% to 0.6% and 62.5% to 9.7% respectively. The ultrafiltration technique was the most effective at removing PCR inhibitory compounds. Stream samples from Gwinnett County, Georgia were concentrated using the combined methods to test for multiple human enteric viral pathogens, with one sample testing positive for Sapovirus. This study highlights the need for more efficient recovery techniques to avoid underestimating possible public health risks.

Enteric Viruses in Aquatic Environments
Enteric Viruses in Aquatic Environments

Author: Eiji Haramoto

Publisher: MDPI

Published: 2020-04-08

Total Pages: 84

ISBN-13: 3039285688

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This Special Issue contains one review and five original articles, all of which address cutting-edge research in the field of water and environmental virology. The review article by Gerba and Betancourt summarizes the current status and future needs for the development of virus detection methods in water reuse systems, especially focusing on methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses. Original papers cover a variety of research topics, such as an environmental monitoring survey of group A rotaviruses in sewage and oysters in Japan, the occurrence and genetic diversity of noroviruses and rotaviruses in a wastewater reclamation system in China, the detection of viruses and their indicators in tanker water and its sources in Nepal, integrated culture next-generation sequencing to identify the diversity of F-specific RNA coliphages in wastewater, and the development of a portable collection and detection method for viruses from ambient air and its application to a wastewater treatment plant.

Poliovirus and Rotavirus Detection in Water
Poliovirus and Rotavirus Detection in Water

Author: Jill Christin Falman

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 47

ISBN-13:

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Human enteric viruses are responsible for the majority of acute waterborne diseases. Most people affected are children under five years old. Symptoms of disease can include diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and paralysis. However, human infections can also be asymptomatic, which allows viruses to go undetected and circulate within the environment. Environmental surveillance is a tool that can supplement disease-based surveillance by sampling, concentrating, and analyzing sewage and other environmental surface waters for pathogens. Polioviruses and group A rotaviruses are enteric viruses of major global public health concern and water has been implicated in their transmission. Environmental surveillance for the detection of poliovirus has expanded in recent years to supplement clinical detection of wild polioviruses and vaccine-derived polioviruses in support of polio eradication efforts. Surveillance of other enteric viruses typically relies on disease-based surveillance and any environmental surveillance employed is for a limited sampling period. Recently, the introduction of new live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines has created a need for environmental monitoring to characterize rotavirus strains in wastewater. The epidemiology of these strains is useful to inform vaccine efficacy. This research focused on addressing environmental sampling needs. First, the evaluation and optimization of a secondary concentration step for improved detection of poliovirus in wastewater is presented. Next, environmental surveillance sampling is applied to enable molecular characterization of group A rotavirus strains in circulation in three communities in Nairobi, following the introduction of the Rotarix® vaccine in Kenya. A skimmed-milk flocculation (5%) method is identified as an economically feasible, time efficient, and high recovery secondary concentration method for poliovirus detection. Genetic characterization in selected Nairobi communities reveals a diversity of rotavirus strains in post-vaccine Kenya, with the emergence of serotype G3. Environmental surveillance for non-polio enteric viruses is often ad hoc to support outbreak investigations or inform vaccine efficacy. Though, it is expected to expand in coming years as better detection methods are developed and the global community pursues eradication of more vaccine preventable diseases.

Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens
Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2004-06-19

Total Pages: 329

ISBN-13: 0309091225

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Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â

Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment
Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment

Author: Gerald Berg

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 242

ISBN-13: 1351082914

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This book argues, that without methods, there can be no research. Effective research requires effective methods, not always easy to come by. The development of methods in environmental virology became a focus of growing interest about two decades ago. Progress has been significant since that time in pure experimental systems, where there are no interferences, consistent high recoveries of viruses from environmental waters has been achievable for some time. In the natural environment, however, in relatively clean waters, substances such as humic and fulvic acids interfere with viral recoveries and average recovery rates probably do not reach 20%. With sewage sludges and shellfish, recoveries are undoubtedly much lower. Yet, even relatively low viral recovery rates have made possible the detection of viral hazards in drinking waters. The hazards that exist are undoubtedly much greater than those demonstrated with the relatively inefficient methods inefficient methods developed thus far. Improving methods, as they are developed in the years to come, will undoubtedly bring the true extent of the hazards into better perspective.

Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases
Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2013-11-08

Total Pages: 719

ISBN-13: 0124159761

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The second edition of Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases describes the diseases associated with water, their causative agents and the ways in which they gain access to water systems. The book is divided into sections covering bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Other sections detail methods for detecting and identifying waterborne microorganisms, and the ways in which they are removed from water, including chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet disinfection. The second edition of this handbook has been updated with information on biofilms and antimicrobial resistance. The impact of global warming and climate change phenomena on waterborne illnesses are also discussed. This book serves as an indispensable reference for public health microbiologists, water utility scientists, research water pollution microbiologists environmental health officers, consultants in communicable disease control and microbial water pollution students. Focuses on the microorganisms of most significance to public health, including E. coli, cryptosporidium, and enterovirus Highlights the basic microbiology, clinical features, survival in the environment, and gives a risk assessment for each pathogen Contains new material on antimicrobial resistance and biofilms Covers drinking water and both marine and freshwater recreational bathing waters

Manual of Environmental Microbiology
Manual of Environmental Microbiology

Author: Cindy H. Nakatsu

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2020-08-11

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 155581882X

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The single most comprehensive resource for environmental microbiology Environmental microbiology, the study of the roles that microbes play in all planetary environments, is one of the most important areas of scientific research. The Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition, provides comprehensive coverage of this critical and growing field. Thoroughly updated and revised, the Manual is the definitive reference for information on microbes in air, water, and soil and their impact on human health and welfare. Written in accessible, clear prose, the manual covers four broad areas: general methodologies, environmental public health microbiology, microbial ecology, and biodegradation and biotransformation. This wealth of information is divided into 18 sections each containing chapters written by acknowledged topical experts from the international community. Specifically, this new edition of the Manual Contains completely new sections covering microbial risk assessment, quality control, and microbial source tracking Incorporates a summary of the latest methodologies used to study microorganisms in various environments Synthesizes the latest information on the assessment of microbial presence and microbial activity in natural and artificial environments The Manual of Environmental Microbiology is an essential reference for environmental microbiologists, microbial ecologists, and environmental engineers, as well as those interested in human diseases, water and wastewater treatment, and biotechnology.