European defence community, lessons for the future?
European defence community, lessons for the future?

Author: Michel Dumoulin

Publisher: P.I.E-Peter Lang S.A., Editions Scientifiques Internationales

Published: 2000

Total Pages: 446

ISBN-13:

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Lancée en 1950, l'idée de créer une Communauté Européenne de Défense (CED) est contemporaine de celle de fonder une Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier (CECA). Mais le projet est une gageure. Il heurte les cultures nationales en matière de défense, suscite de violentes réactions dues à la perspective de voir se côtoyer des ennemis d'hier au sein des mêmes unités, déclenche l'opposition à la standardisation du matériel, hérisse les adversaires d'une liaison entre la CED et la construction d'une Europe politique. Devant une telle variété de facteurs visant à expliquer la mort du projet, le 30 août 1954, certains ont parlé d'un «meurtre collectif». Page d'histoire, le projet de CED et son échec n'en constituent pas moins, aujourd'hui, une référence qui donne matière à réflexion sur cette question que l'on se plaît à considérer comme vitale pour l'avenir de l'Europe: la sécurité commune. In 1950, in parallel with the plans for the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), there first grew the idea for creating a European Defence Community (EDC). But the project was not a success. It conflicted with the various national defence cultures, sparked off violent reactions against the alignment of former enemies within a single unit, unleashed opposition to the standardisation of equipment, and raised the hackles of those opposed to a bond between the EDC and the construction of a political Europe. In the face of so many different factors contributing to the project's death on 30 August 1954, there was even talk in certain quarters of a «collective murder». As an important event in history, the EDC project and its failure still have echoes today, causing us all to ponder a question which is universally considered as crucial to the future of Europe: a common security policy.

Pacts and Alliances in History
Pacts and Alliances in History

Author: Melissa Yeager

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2012-04-11

Total Pages: 308

ISBN-13: 1786739631

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Agreements between nations constitute the fundamental framework for the ordering of international affairs; and their successes and failures have led to some of the great turning points in modern history. The result of a unique collaboration by historians and political scientists, this book delineates, defines and assesses the idea of pacts and alliances as a key model of political organisation. Anchored by leading academics in the field, it presents numerous case studies covering a broad chronological sweep. Through theoretical and empirical methodology, the contributors address pacts and alliances from the fifteenth century onwards including, among others, the Korean-American and Moscow-Cairo alliances, the Sevres Pact, Turkey's accession to NATO and US alliances around the world. Through a close reading of these historical diplomatic relationships, fundamental yet relatively unaddressed research questions are developed and explored. First, what are the common denominators shared by successful alliances? Second, why do pacts and alliances disintegrate? Third, is the eventual demise of pacts and alliances inevitable? Finally, what are the implications of these issues on pact and alliance making today? This is the first volume to address this wide range of issues, and to bring together researchers and theorists from the historical and political disciplines to provide original and groundbreaking theories of diplomacy. Together, these case studies explore why alliances succeed, why they fail and why it matters. Pacts and Alliances in History is therefore not only important reading for the next generation of policymakers, but will also help frame scholars' enquiries as they try to understand key events in international relations and history.

Designing the European Union
Designing the European Union

Author: F. Laursen

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2012-12-15

Total Pages: 188

ISBN-13: 0230367577

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This book outlines the content of the main treaties that form the 'constitutional' basis of the European Union and analyses changes in these over time. The EU has expanded its policy scope and taken in many more members transferring powers to common supranational institutions in a way seen nowhere else in the world.

Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations
Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations

Author: Hans Krabbendam

Publisher: State University of New York Press

Published: 2009-09-09

Total Pages: 1200

ISBN-13: 1438430159

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Since Henry Hudson landed on Manhattan in 1609, the peoples of the Netherlands and North America have been inextricably linked. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations, written by a team of nearly one hundred Dutch and American scholars, is the first book to offer a comprehensive history of this bilateral relationship. This volume covers the main paths of contacts, conflicts, and common plans, from the first exploratory contacts in the early seventeenth century to the intense and multifaceted exchanges in the early twenty-first. Based on the most up-to-date research, Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations will be for years to come a valuable and much-used reference work for anyone interested in the history and culture of the United States and the Netherlands and the larger transatlantic interdependent framework in which they are embedded.

The first referendum
The first referendum

Author: Lindsay Aqui

Publisher: Manchester University Press

Published: 2020-08-04

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 1526145219

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Although the United Kingdom’s entry to the European Community (EC) in 1973 was initially celebrated, by the end of the first year the mood in the UK had changed from ‘hope to uncertainty’. When Edward Heath lost the 1974 General Election, Harold Wilson returned to No. 10 promising a fundamental renegotiation and referendum on EC membership. By the end of the first year of membership, 67% of voters had said ‘yes’ to Europe in the UK’s first-ever national referendum. Examining the relationship between diplomacy and domestic debate, this book explores the continuities between the European policies pursued by Heath and Wilson in this period. Despite the majority vote in favour of maintaining membership, Lindsay Aqui argues that this majority was underpinned by a degree of uncertainty and that ultimately, neither Heath nor Wilson managed to transform the UK’s relationship with the EC in the ways they had hoped possible.

Military Diasporas
Military Diasporas

Author: Georg Christ

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2022-11-30

Total Pages: 507

ISBN-13: 1000774074

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Military Diasporas proposes a new research approach to analyse the role of foreign military personnel as composite and partly imagined para-ethnic groups. These groups not only buttressed a state or empire’s military might but crucially connected, policed, and administered (parts of) realms as a transcultural and transimperial class while representing the polity’s universal or at least cosmopolitan aspirations at court or on diplomatic and military missions. Case studies of foreign militaries with a focus on their diasporic elements include the Achaemenid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, and the Roman Empire in the ancient world. These are followed by chapters on the Sassanid and Islamic occupation of Egypt, Byzantium, the Latin Aegean (Catalan Company) to Iberian Christian noblemen serving North African Islamic rulers, Mamluks and Italian Stradiots, followed by chapters on military diasporas in Hungary, the Teutonic Order including the Sword Brethren, and the Swiss military. The volume thus covers a broad band of military diasporic experiences and highlights aspects of their role in the building of state and empire from Antiquity to the late Middle Ages and from Persia via Egypt to the Baltic. With a broad chronological and geographic range, this volume is the ideal resource for upper-level undergraduates, postgraduates, and scholars interested in the history of war and warfare from Antiquity to the sixteenth century.

Democracy, Federalism, the European Revolution, and Global Governance
Democracy, Federalism, the European Revolution, and Global Governance

Author: Andrea Bosco

Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Published: 2020-06-10

Total Pages: 436

ISBN-13: 1527554457

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The European Union is facing today the greatest crisis since its creation. Brexit could mean not only the reversal of its steady enlargement—from 6 to 28 member states—but also the beginning of an inexorable decline leading to its disintegration. However, few today seem to recollect that it was precisely the British who were the first to promulgate the political culture which inspired the European Union’s construction—democracy and federalism—and the first who tried to realise, in June 1940, a European federation on the basis of an Anglo-French union. This volume traces the fundamental stages of the European unification process, placing it in relation to the wider process of world economic and political integration. In particular, it analyses the historical significance of the European Revolution, which is identified in the overcoming of the nation state—namely the modern political formula which institutionalised the political division of mankind—and the birth of the first truly international state. The universal historical significance of the European Revolution lies in its exportability—as for the other great European revolutions—and, therefore, its potential as progressively extensible to all the states of the planet. Europe was indeed the first region of the world where the barriers between national states fell, and a post-national political identity emerged, complementary to national political identities. It is, in fact, in the context of the European Union that democracy beyond the borders of the nation state has first been realized, constituting a guiding principle for global governance.

The Western European Union
The Western European Union

Author: Sally Rohan

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-07-17

Total Pages: 434

ISBN-13: 1135767637

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This full-term study of the Western European Union (WEU) brings to life the history of Europe’s search for a co-operative security and defence order, from its post World War II origins to the present day. Establishing the WEU as a support organization, designed to promote the two security "ideas" of collective defence and integration through the primary organizations of Alliance and Community, this book offers a window onto the challenges faced in the development and management of NATO and the evolving EC/EU over time. As the WEU’s historical journey unfolds, the frequently competing visions of the future organization of the European security space are exposed in the fluctuating nature of its own functional evolution and devolution. A hybrid organization driven by its dual support role, the constructively ambiguous and conveniently autonomous WEU was to provide a mechanism through which divergent interests could converge and inherent tensions be relieved, preventing NATO and EC/EU stagnation. This book offers fresh insight into the means by which the gradual transformation of the institutional framework of European security was enabled, and stakes the WEU’s claim as a fundamental and life-long contributor to the stability of the European security system.

The Politics of Language and Nation Building in Zimbabwe
The Politics of Language and Nation Building in Zimbabwe

Author: Finex Ndhlovu

Publisher: Peter Lang

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 9789052014715

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This book examines the exclusion of minority languages (and their speakers) from the mainstream domains of everyday social life in postcolonial Zimbabwe. It considers forces of hegemonic nation building, subtle cultural oppression and a desire for linguistic uniformity as major factors contributing to the social exclusion of Zimbabweans from language groups other than Shona and Ndebele. The book interprets the various forms of language-based exclusion exercised by Shona and Ndebele language speakers over minority groups as constituting a form of linguistic imperialism. Contrary to the popular view that English is Zimbabwe's «killer language», which should be replaced by selected indigenous languages that are perceived as more nationally «authentic» and better grounded in both pre- and post-imperial frameworks, this book argues that linguistic imperialism has very little to do with whether the dominating language is «foreign» or «indigenous». The author discusses oral submissions from minority language speakers, language experts, policy-makers and educators. While the focus is specifically on the politics of language and identity in Zimbabwe, this case study gives an insight into the complexity of identity and nation building in postcolonial Africa.