Global Waves of Debt
Global Waves of Debt

Author: M. Ayhan Kose

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2021-03-03

Total Pages: 403

ISBN-13: 1464815453

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The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.

International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2021
International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2021

Author: International Monetary Fund. Secretary's Department

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2021-10-04

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13: 1513568817

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A recovery is underway, but the economic fallout from the global pandemic could be with us for years to come. With the crisis exacerbating prepandemic vulnerabilities, country prospects are diverging. Nearly half of emerging market and developing economies and some middle-income countries are now at risk of falling further behind, undoing much of the progress made toward achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Measuring the Effect of External Shocks and the Polic[y] Response to Them
Measuring the Effect of External Shocks and the Polic[y] Response to Them

Author: F. Desmond McCarthy

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 53

ISBN-13:

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How can the governments in Eastern Europe and developing countries reduce their vulnerability to such shocks? What are the appropriate policy responses? Here is a method for measuring the effect of external shocks on the current account, applied to the Philippines.

How Can Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?
How Can Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam Cope with Revenue Lost Due to AFTA Tariff Reductions?

Author: Kanokpan Lao-Araya

Publisher: DIANE Publishing

Published: 2008-12

Total Pages: 38

ISBN-13: 1437907334

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In joining the Assoc. of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and ASEAN Free Trade Area, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam have agreed to comply with the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme, which reduces intra-ASEAN tariff rates on certain imports and may reduce gov¿t. revenue. This study proposes tax structure and tax admin. reforms and other policies that can be introduced to enhance revenue collection. They can: Strategically allocate goods among the four CEPT scheme lists; Improve their tax systems by replacing traditional general sales taxes with Value Added Tax; Reduce inefficiencies that impede tax collection and Discourage tax avoidance and evasion and reduce corruption among tax officials.

Measuring Willingness to Pay for Electricity
Measuring Willingness to Pay for Electricity

Author: Peter Choynowski

Publisher: DIANE Publishing

Published: 2008-05

Total Pages: 26

ISBN-13: 1437900542

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The measurement of willingness to pay for electricity relies critically on a reliable estimate of the demand for electricity function. Empirical work tends to assume that the demand for electricity has no satiation point. Many electricity demand models assume a constant price elasticity, which implies infinite demand at low prices. This report proposes a plausible functional form for the demand of electricity. The proposed functional form is consistent with two properties of electricity demand functions for households & firms, namely, the negative relationships between price & quantity, & the finiteness of demand at zero price. The report also demonstrates that this functional form of the demand function leads to easily estimable economic benefits of electricity.