Originally published in 1987, this book is a chronologically horiztonal study of many aspects of one group of tragedies, written under similar conditions during a short period of time: the Elizabethan tragedies of the inns of court. The plays produced by members of the Inns of Court have long been recognized as seminal in the development of Elizabethan tragedy, and include the earliest formal dramatic tragedy in English. The book includes chapters on plot construction, characters and characterization and ethical significance.
Examining the development of neoclassical tragedy during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), this work investigates the varied manifestations of tragedy modelled upon the classical heritage of ancient Greek drama as adapted by Seneca.
Many early modern poets and playwrights were also members of the legal societies the Inns of Court and these authors shaped the development of key genres of the English Renaissance, especially lyric poetry, dramatic tragedy, satire, and masque. But how did the Inns come to be literary centers in the first place, and why were they especially vibrant at particular times? Early modernists have long understood that urban setting and institutional environment were central to this phenomenon: in the vibrant world of London, educated men with time on their hands turned to literary pastimes for something to do. Lawyers at Play proposes an additional, more essential dynamic: the literary culture of the Inns intensified in decades of profound transformation in the legal profession. Focusing on the first decade of Elizabeth's reign, the period when a large literary network first developed around the societies, this study demonstrates that the literary surge at this time developed out of and responded to a period of rapid expansion in the legal profession and in the career prospects of members. Poetry, translation, and performance were recreational pastimes; however, these activities also defined and elevated the status of inns-of-court men as qualified, learned, and ethical participants in England's "legal magistracy": those lawyers, judges, justices of the peace, civic office holders, town recorders, and gentleman landholders who managed and administered local and national governance of England. Lawyers at Play maps the literary terrain of a formative but understudied period in the English Renaissance, but it also provides the foundation for an argument that goes beyond the 1560s to provide a framework for understanding the connections between the literary and legal cultures of the Inns over the whole of the early modern period.
In this revised and greatly expanded edition of the Companion, 80 scholars come together to offer an original and far-reaching assessment of English Renaissance literature and culture. A new edition of the best-selling Companion to English Renaissance Literature, revised and updated, with 22 new essays and 19 new illustrations Contributions from some 80 scholars including Judith H. Anderson, Patrick Collinson, Alison Findlay, Germaine Greer, Malcolm Jones, Arthur Kinney, James Knowles, Arthur Marotti, Robert Miola and Greg Walker Unrivalled in scope and its exploration of unfamiliar literary and cultural territories the Companion offers new readings of both ‘literary’ and ‘non-literary’ texts Features essays discussing material culture, sectarian writing, the history of the body, theatre both in and outside the playhouses, law, gardens, and ecology in early modern England Orientates the beginning student, while providing advanced students and faculty with new directions for their research All of the essays from the first edition, along with the recommendations for further reading, have been reworked or updated
The word Gothic has connotations of violence and grotesqueness. The popular Gothic elements are blood and gore, unnatural and supernatural occurrences, eerie passages, mystery, haunted castles, ghosts, perambulating skeletons, numerous death in a gory manner, Byronic love, passion and revenge. As Virginia Woolf rightly calls them, they are “the strange human need for feeling afraid.” It is the Hyde in every Jekyll that makes one take to the gothic. The British Revenge Tragedies, embedded with these elements, serve as forerunner of the gothic genre. In The Jew of Malta, we find the barbaric, scheming Machiavellian Barabas that plots the evil actions in the play that leads to mass graves and, eventually, himself being burned alive in a cauldron. In The Spanish Tragedy, Andrea’s ghost and Revenge; discovery of the mangled body of Horatio and the blood-stained handkerchief; letter written with blood and Hieronimo cutting out his tongue are the major Gothic elements. In Hamlet, the ghost of Hamlet’s father; the violent stabbing of Polonius; the grave digger’s eulogizing death and the introduction of Yorick’s skull never fail in creating chills down the spine of any reader. Ian Jack observes on Webster’s plays that The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, have no other purpose other than making the audience’s ‘flesh creep.’ Thus, gothic as a genre, has been strongly haunting literature and would still continue to haunt, not only literature but also life.
The sixteenth century was a turning point for both law and drama. Relentless professionalization of the common law set off a cascade of lawyerly self-fashioning – resulting in blunt attacks on lay judgment. English playwrights, including Shakespeare, resisted the forces of legal professionalization by casting legal expertise as a detriment to moral feeling. They celebrated the ability of individuals, guided by conscience and working alongside members of their community, to restore justice. Playwrights used the participatory nature of drama to deepen public understanding of and respect for communal justice. In plays such as King Lear and Macbeth, lay people accomplish the work of magistracy: conscience structures legal judgment, neighbourly care shapes the coroner’s inquest, and communal emotions give meaning to confession and repentance. An original and deeply sourced study of early modern literature and law, Communal Justice in Shakespeare’s England contributes to a growing body of scholarship devoted to the study of how drama creates and sustains community. Penelope Geng brings together a wealth of imaginative and documentary archives – including plays, sermons, conscience literature, Protestant hagiographies, legal manuals, and medieval and early modern chronicles – proving that literature never simply reacts to legal events but always actively invents legal questions, establishes legal expectations, and shapes legal norms.
