Design and Analysis of Agile Frequency Synthesizer

Design and Analysis of Agile Frequency Synthesizer

Author: Sabbir Ahmed Osmany

Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 164

ISBN-13: 9783659149429

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Modern cellular phones and base stations have to serve a multitude of wireless communication standards with each standard using different frequency bands. For such applications, a universal programmable hardware is desirable which is often referred to as software-defined radio (SDR). This book describes agile frequency synthesizers representing key building blocks for an SDR transceiver. In this work, an innovative frequency generation scheme is derived to provide a multi-octave tuning range with very low phase noise and low spurs. A PLL phase noise model including a nonlinear phase detector is thoroughly discussed. Design techniques for low phase noise VCOs with mixed analog/digital tuning are presented. Further, the book investigates both single-loop and dual-loop PLL architectures in fractional-N synthesizers. An unconventional two-transistor based charge pump in a dual-loop PLL improves phase detector linearity and reduces charge pump noise. This results in a low in-band phase noise similar to an integer-N synthesizer. Finally, the book presents the design of fully integrated integer-N and fractional-N frequency synthesizers with detailed measurement results.


Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers

Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers

Author: Ulrich L. Rohde

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-03-29

Total Pages: 816

ISBN-13: 1119666090

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The new edition of the leading resource on designing digital frequency synthesizers from microwave and wireless applications, fully updated to reflect the most modern integrated circuits and semiconductors Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, remains the standard text on the subject by providing complete and up-to-date coverage of both practical and theoretical aspects of modern frequency synthesizers and their components. Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, this classic volume describes loop fundamentals, noise and spurious responses, special loops, loop components, multiloop synthesizers, and more. Practical synthesizer examples illustrate the design of a high-performance hybrid synthesizer and performance measurement techniques—offering readers clear instruction on the various design steps and design rules. The second edition includes extensively revised content throughout, including a modern approach to dealing with the noise and spurious response of loops and updated material on digital signal processing and architectures. Reflecting today’s technology, new practical and validated examples cover a combination of analog and digital synthesizers and hybrid systems. Enhanced and expanded chapters discuss implementations of direct digital synthesis (DDS) architectures, the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), crystal and other high-Q based oscillators, arbitrary waveform generation, vector signal generation, and other current tools and techniques. Now requiring no additional literature to be useful, this comprehensive, one-stop resource: Provides a fully reviewed, updated, and enhanced presentation of microwave and wireless synthesizers Presents a clear mathematical method for designing oscillators for best noise performance at both RF and microwave frequencies Contains new illustrations, figures, diagrams, and examples Includes extensive appendices to aid in calculating phase noise in free-running oscillators, designing VHF and UHF oscillators with CAD software, using state-of-the-art synthesizer chips, and generating millimeter wave frequencies using the delay line principle Containing numerous designs of proven circuits and more than 500 relevant citations from scientific journal and papers, Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers: Theory and Design, Second Edition, is a must-have reference for engineers working in the field of radio communication, and the perfect textbook for advanced electri


Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems

Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems

Author: Andrea Leonardo Lacaita

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2007-06-28

Total Pages: 9

ISBN-13: 1139466097

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The increasingly demanding performance requirements of communications systems, as well as problems posed by the continued scaling of silicon technology, present numerous challenges for the design of frequency synthesizers in modern transceivers. This book contains everything you need to know for the efficient design of frequency synthesizers for today's communications applications. If you need to optimize performance and minimize design time, you will find this book invaluable. Using an intuitive yet rigorous approach, the authors describe simple analytical methods for the design of phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers using scaled silicon CMOS and bipolar technologies. The entire design process, from system-level specification to layout, is covered comprehensively. Practical design examples are included, and implementation issues are addressed. A key problem-solving resource for practitioners in IC design, the book will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering.


Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers

Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers

Author: Ulrich L. Rohde

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 1997-08-25

Total Pages: 664

ISBN-13: 9780471520191

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Over the past decade, great strides have been made in the technology of microwave oscillators and synthesizers, with digital frequency synthesizers in particular attracting much attention. These synthesizers are now being used in virtually all modern signal generators and radio communication equipment. Until now, however, detailed information about their design has been hard to come by-much of it scattered through journal articles-and most books on the subject have taken a primarily theoretical approach. Enter Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers-the first book to emphasize both practical circuit information from RF to millimeter-wave frequencies and up-to-date theory. Based on course material taught by author Ulrich L. Rohde at George Washington University and recent work done by the author at Compact Software, Inc. and Synergy Microwave Corporation, this volume is a complete revision and update of Rohde's landmark text, Digital PLL Frequency Synthesizers: Theory and Design. While it provides all the necessary theory and formulas, it also offers an in-depth look at the practical side of the phase-lock loop (PLL) in synthesizers-including special loops, loop components, and practical circuits-material that is not available in any other book. Rohde explains loop fundamentals, demonstrates the linear approach to oscillator phase noise, discusses the digital direct synthesizer technique, addresses low noise oscillator design, and provides insight into the role and design of crystal oscillators, mixers, phase/frequency discriminators, wideband high-gain amplifiers, programmable dividers, and loop filters. He goes on to cover conventional multiloop synthesizers and survey existing state-of-the-art microwave synthesizer applications. Extensive appendices review the mathematics of useful functions and various applications, including even the complex nonlinear theory of noise in large signal systems such as mixers and oscillators. Microwave and Wireless Synthesizers allows anyone with a PC running either Windows 3.11 or Windows NT to explore real-world design. It uses programs for the solution of digital phase-lock loop systems, tabulates the results, and shows how Bode diagrams are determined by the computer's graphic capabilities. It also includes examples using commercially available linear and nonlinear CAD programs to provide accurate evaluation and optimization of oscillators and other useful circuits and many practical charts. For companies involved in test and communication equipment, this book reduces design and research costs by providing a large number of proven circuits and expediting the design process. It is also an outstanding senior/graduate level textbook for electrical engineering students and an invaluable resource for practicing engineers, senior engineers, and managers who would like to be able to evaluate new trends and techniques in the field.


CMOS Single Chip Fast Frequency Hopping Synthesizers for Wireless Multi-Gigahertz Applications

CMOS Single Chip Fast Frequency Hopping Synthesizers for Wireless Multi-Gigahertz Applications

Author: Taoufik Bourdi

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-03-14

Total Pages: 232

ISBN-13:

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In this book, the authors outline detailed design methodology for fast frequency hopping synthesizers for RF and wireless communications applications. There is great emphasis on fractional-N delta-sigma based phase locked loops from specifications, system analysis and architecture planning to circuit design and silicon implementation. The developed techniques in the book can help in designing very low noise, high speed fractional-N frequency synthesizers.


Frequency Synthesizers

Frequency Synthesizers

Author: Alexander Chenakin

Publisher: Artech House

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 235

ISBN-13: 1596932317

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A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system for generating any of a range of frequencies from a single fixed oscillator. They are found in modern devices like radio receivers, mobile phones, and GPS systems. This comprehensive resource offers RF and microwave engineers a thorough overview of both well-established and recently developed frequency synthesizer design techniques. Professionals find expert guidance on all design aspects, including main architectures, key building blocks, and practical circuit implementation. Engineers learn the development process and gain a solid understanding of how to build a synthesizer from a basic diagram to the final product.Starting with a simple single-loop PLL example, the book progressively examines various alternatives -- fractional-N, DDS, frequency offset, multiloop and more OCo to achieve required performance objectives. This unique volume gathers a collection of block diagrams, clever circuits, design recipes, and other hard-to-find information that is usually treated as OC design secretsOCO. Written in a simple yet rigorous style with numerous illustrations, the book is an all-in-one reference for both beginner and experienced designers.


Design of Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Applications

Design of Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Applications

Author: Ari Valero-Lopez

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 216

ISBN-13: 9783836456067

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This book presents the basic theory and design methodology of frequency synthesizers targeted for short-range wireless applications. Three different examples of synthesizers expose the reader to several aspects of the design where advanced circuit solutions are used to improve the performance of the presented circuits. A frequency synthesizer, part of a dual-mode receiver capable of processing signals of the Bluetooth and Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11b) standards, is implemented in BiCMOS technology. Featured in the synthesizer is a phase switching prescaler. A large capacitance is also integrated on-chip using a capacitance multiplier circuit that provides a drastic area reduction while adding a negligible phase noise contribution. The book is completed with a quadrature calibration circuit that uses an algorithm to continuously maintain phase accuracy at the output