The Role of International Trade in the Rise of the New Zealand Dairy Industry from Its Beginnnings to the Fonterra Era
The Role of International Trade in the Rise of the New Zealand Dairy Industry from Its Beginnnings to the Fonterra Era

Author: Bruce Muirhead

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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"Within the dairy industry, New Zealand is a giant. However, the neocooperative and free market management system has attracted the ire of larger competitors such as the United States and the European Union. This paper provides an overview of the history of the New Zealand dairy industry and the changes the New Zealand government has made to remain agile and receptive to change, including restructuring the industry to place the New Zealand Dairy Board and later Fonterra as the sole exporter of dairy products. But, as this paper argues, perhaps New Zealand's biggest challenges and obstacles lie ahead. In light of potential trade liberalization within mega deals and increasing competition from the United States and the European Union, New Zealand must now be aggressive and innovative in finding new markets, maintaining their export base and standing their ground in the face of cut-throat and unapologetic international competition." --

International Technology Transfer
International Technology Transfer

Author: Shobhita Chaturvedi

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 290

ISBN-13:

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Despite being a small country, the use of top grade technology available in the world has made the New Zealand (NZ) dairy industry the largest exporter of dairy products around the world. The key strengths of the NZ dairy industry have been attributed to large-scale processing, and engagements in research and development activities leading to high operational efficiencies in the industry. The Indian dairy sector on the other hand, cannot export dairy products in the world market, despite being the largest producer of milk. The quality standards of the Indian dairy sector inhibit the industries place in the global market and also present significant risks for consumers within the Indian market. Thus, it poses a significant opportunity for NZ to engage in technological transfers for improving the quality standards of the Indian dairy sector that would foster mutual gains for both economies. The aim of this research is to determine how NZ would gain by engaging in technological transfers to India. A comprehensive review of the literature and case studies on international technology transfer, quality management in the NZ and Indian dairy industries, and the Free Trade Agreement has been undertaken, which is then assessed against the qualitative data collected through key industry leaders of India and NZ. The main contribution of this research stems from the fact that for the first time the theory of international technology transfers has been applied to NZ and Indian dairy industries by carrying out a qualitative assessment. Some of the key theories of international technology transfer previously assessed through traditionalist means of quantitative research have now been evidenced through qualitative empirical accounts. The study confirms that NZ (Fonterra) would stand to gain from technological transfers to India. Fonterra envisions a number of areas where it has the potential to share its expertise with the Indian dairy industry. This would assist the Indian dairy sector to alleviate from major challenges India faces in successfully managing their quality standards. However, Fonterra sees the barrier to trade as an important impediment for making such investments. It would be in the interests of the Indian government to open its market to NZ for trade in the dairy sector in order to gain access to key knowledge and technological initiatives Fonterra and the NZ government take for mutual gains.

Trade Policy, Processing and New Zealand Forestry
Trade Policy, Processing and New Zealand Forestry

Author: John Gilbert

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2020-11-26

Total Pages: 152

ISBN-13: 1000160394

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This title was first published in 2000: Examines core issues with respect to the effect of export restrictions, the impact on processing and welfare, the consequences of foreign ownership of the resource, and the possibility of utilizing export restrictions as a retaliatory strategy against escalating tariff structures. It also examines the impact of liberalization of processed good markets. The book employs a combination of formal general equilibrium modelling and counterfactual simulation using computable general equilibrium (CGE) tecniques, with the New Zealand forestry industry used as a case study throughout. The book makes a contribution to the literature in this field by incorporating foreign ownership into an extensive formal analysis of processing incentives, develooping a new CGE model of the New Zealand economy, utilizing this model to evaluate the costs of export restrictions, and utilizing the GTAP to provide insights into the possible effect of the APEC Early Voluntary Sector Liberalization strategy.

Effects of Trade Liberalization on the Australian Dairy Industry
Effects of Trade Liberalization on the Australian Dairy Industry

Author: Hwey-Chyi Lee

Publisher:

Published: 1996

Total Pages: 500

ISBN-13:

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The Australian dairy industry has confronted the pressures of policy reformation both internally and externally. Institutions, including government and dairy corporation, have attempted to eliminate price discrimination between the domestic market and the export market for protective dairy policies. Externally, Australia has a commitment to comply with the agreements of GATT Uruguay Round. In addition, Australia faces high competition from New Zealand. This study develops a three-market level dynamic econometric model. The model is used to assess the impacts of trade liberalization on the dairy industry. Effects of trade liberalization on the Australian dairy industry are simulated for free trade and GATT scenarios. These scenarios are simulated under a unilateral and a multilateral trade environment. An additional scenario is simulated under the current system with the higher world prices of dairy products that result from multilateral compliance with the Uruguay Round agreement. All scenarios are compared to the baseline model. In this study, a 5-year, 1986-90, average of each exogenous variables is assigned and used as the fixed initial conditions. The 1986-90 average is requested by the GATT Uruguay Round. Due to the reduction in export subsidies, milk production per cow, number of cows and milk production are lower than the baseline under the free trade and the GATT scenarios. The simulation results for production or milk used for manufactured dairy products vary under different scenarios. Per capita consumption of most dairy products increases when export subsidies are reduced. However, it is not the case with higher world prices of manufactured dairy products under the current system. Trade liberalization causes the Australian dairy industry to adjust. Australian consumers allocate less of their budget to dairy products under the free trade and GATT scenarios. The results indicate that Australia's dairy industry will gain in specializing in cheese production, which provides the industry higher profits. This study shows that there are different, but not dramatically different, effects on the Australian dairy industry between unilateral and multilateral trade equilibrium. The results would be significantly different if world prices increased sharply as a result of more product demands or less supplies to the international market.