In order for the ideal of international trade to become reality, customs procedures dating back centuries must be eliminated and replaced with modernized practices designed to foster cooperation and efficiency in world trade. The International Customs Modernization Process (ICMP), detailed in this remarkable book, will do just that. With the aid of modern technology and business practices, nations and industries will benefit through improved enforcement of customs, more streamlined trade of goods, and overall growth of economies. The ICMP is an 11 step process that begins by improving the fundamentals. It then outlines three enabling processes and concludes with implementation and integration of the process and a vision of the promised future.
Trade integration contributes substantially to economic development and poverty alleviation. In recent years much progress was made to liberalize the trade regime, but customs procedures are often still complex, costly and non-transparent. This situation leads to misallocation of resources. 'Customs Modernization Handbook' provides an overview of the key elements of a successful customs modernization strategy and draws lessons from a number of successful customs reforms as well as from customs reform projects that have been undertaken by the World Bank. It describes a number of key import procedures, that have proved particularly troublesome for customs administrations and traders, and provides practical guidelines to enhance their efficiency. The Handbook also reviews the appropriate legal framework for customs operations as well as strategies to combat corruption.
The Regulatory Craft tackles one of the most pressing public policy issues of our time—the reform of regulatory and enforcement practice. Malcolm K. Sparrow shows how the vogue prescriptions for reform (centered on concepts of customer service and process improvement) fail to take account of the distinctive character of regulatory responsibilities—which involve the delivery of obligations rather than just services.In order to construct more balanced prescriptions for reform, Sparrow invites us to reconsider the central purpose of social regulation—the abatement or control of risks to society. He recounts the experiences of pioneering agencies that have confronted the risk-control challenge directly, developing operational capacities for specifying risk-concentrations, problem areas, or patterns of noncompliance, and then designing interventions tailored to each problem. At the heart of a new regulatory craftsmanship, according to Sparrow, lies the central notion, "pick important problems and fix them." This beguilingly simple idea turns out to present enormously complex implementation challenges and carries with it profound consequences for the way regulators organize their work, manage their discretion, and report their performance. Although the book is primarily aimed at regulatory and law-enforcement practitioners, it will also be invaluable for legislators, overseers, and others who care about the nature and quality of regulatory practice, and who want to know what kind of performance to demand from regulators and how it might be delivered. It stresses the enormous benefit to society that might accrue from development of the risk-control art as a core professional skill for regulators.
The global economy is undergoing dramatic financial changes. The removal of technical, trade, and monetary barriers and the liberalization of world economies create challenges and opportunities for investment and financial transactions. With these changes, international finance is expected to play a vital role in foreign exchange, cross-border capital flows, joint ventures, and economic growth, but rapid progress in telecommunications and electronic capital transfers could lead to tremors in financial markets, making the global economy vulnerable to speculation, investors' panic, and economic fluctuations. Supported by the latest empirical research, this book weaves together a theoretical framework of international finance supported by the latest empirical research. ^IGlobalization^R provides a comprehensive analysis of traditional and modern theories of international monetary systems, problems of balance of payments, exchange rates, and related adjustment and stabilization policies for industrialized and emerging nations. Following a brief historical review, the book covers advanced theories of international trade and finances as well as related real world performance. It examines strengths and weaknesses of fixed and floating exchange rates, forward exchanges, spreading global shareholder capitalism, problems of emerging markets, international capital movements and banking activities, market capitalization and foreign debt. It also examines investment movements and cross-border mergers, economic and financial integration, related effects of macroeconomic policies in open economies, and problems of global income inequalities. The book will be of great theoretical and practical importance to students, scholars, and business leaders.
Multilateral trade negotiations through the 1970s -- The Uruguay round (1986-94) and birth of the WTO (1995) -- The DOHA round: launch amidst schisms (November 2001? August 2004) -- The DOHA round: intricate negotiations and results (August 2004? December 2007) -- Adjudication mechanisms -- Adjudication controversies -- Free trade theory -- Questioning free trade theory -- Trade patterns and factors of production -- Economics of trade barriers -- The first pillar: MFN treatment and GATT article I -- The second pillar: bindings and GATT article II -- The third pillar: national treatment and GATT article III -- The fourth pillar: non-tariff barriers and GATT article XI -- Administering quantitative restrictions and GATT article XIII -- Origin and entry -- Tariff classification -- Tariff valuation -- Trade controls -- Border security -- Economics aspects of FTAS -- Political and security aspects of FTAS -- Multilateral disciplines on FTAS -- Preferential rules of origin -- Typical FTA obligations: market access -- Typical fta obligations: further commitments -- Historical and economic foundations of AD law -- Procedures -- The dumping margin calculation -- Adjustments to normal value -- Adjustments to export price and constructed export price -- Dumping margin calculation controversies -- Historical and economic foundations of CVD law -- The subsidy determination -- Injury -- Causation -- Safeguards -- Trade retaliation -- Trade policies, growth, and poverty -- Special and differential treatment -- Preferential programs -- Trade and labor -- The jurisprudence of GATT article -- SPS measures -- Market access -- Domestic support and export subsidies -- Services trade negotiations -- Substantive services trade obligations -- Interests and obligations -- Enforcement.
