Costs and Prices in the Internal Market
Costs and Prices in the Internal Market

Author: Diane Dawson

Publisher:

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 29

ISBN-13:

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The National Steering Group on Costing was established to help NHS units improve the quality of market information through development of standardised cost accounting procedures to be used in the setting of market prices. This paper argues there has been a misunderstanding of the role and nature of prices in the internal market. In markets characterised by contestability, small numbers and a high proportion of fixed costs, the prices at which transactions take place emerge from negotiation and tend to be unique to each buyer. Prices are usually secret, competition does not require nor does it lead to open information on prices. High fixed costs are relevant to negotiated prices being the preferred method of setting prices and to the incentives for existing suppliers to adapt services to changes in the pattern of demand. The model of the NSGC costing guidelines and the regulatory framework of the Department of Health is one of suppliers setting unique prices for each procedure and buyers choosing the quantity to purchase at that price. This model is appropriate in markets with large numbers of buyers who are price takers. This is clearly not the type of market to be found in the NHS.

Costs and Prices in the Internal Market
Costs and Prices in the Internal Market

Author: Diane Dawson

Publisher:

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The National Steering Group on Costing (NSGC) was established to help NHS (National Health Service, GB] units to improve the quality of market information through development of standardised cost accounting procedures to be used in the setting of market prices. This paper argues there has been a misunderstanding of the role and nature of prices in the internal market (...). The model of the NSGC costing guidelines and the regulatory framework of the Deparment of Health is one of suppliers setting unique prices for each procedure and buyers choosing the quantity to purchase at that price. This model is appropriate in markets with large numbers of buyers who are price takers. This is clearly not the type of market to be found in the NHS (...)Author

Price Convergence in the Enlarged Internal Market
Price Convergence in the Enlarged Internal Market

Author: Christian Dreger

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 103

ISBN-13: 9789279046452

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The studies' main aim is to investigate the effects of the EU-10 enlargement on price convergence within the Internal Market. It distinguishes between the opposite forces provided by: (1) the catching up effect of the EU-10, expected to lead to a rise in price levels; and (2) increased competitiveness pressure on prices expected to lower price levels due to lower mark ups of prices over marginal costs. The study is based on comparative price levels for the EU-25, covering the period 1999-2004. Distinct variables were identified as proxies for the catching-up and competition forces. The following analysis proceeded in two steps. First, it is examined whether price convergence has occurred and, second, what are its main drivers. The results confirm the presence of price convergence. This process is particularly visible in the case of basic headings, most likely because they are related to more homogeneous products. Moreover, both catching up and competition have been important factors for explaining price convergence. In addition, both effects seem to be more pronounced for the EU-10 than for the EU-15.

Internal Pricing
Internal Pricing

Author: Tim Baldenius

Publisher: Now Publishers Inc

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 107

ISBN-13: 1601982704

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Internal Pricing surveys of the transfer pricing literature with a focus on commonly-used pricing schemes using incomplete contracting models. Chapter 2 develops the basic symmetric information model to compare the performance of cost-based and negotiated pricing in the absence of external input markets. Chapter 3 considers market-based pricing and the role of internal price adjustments; it ignores investments and focuses solely on trading incentives. Chapter 4 adds investments to the model of Chapter 3 and shows that investment opportunities further strengthen the case for internal adjustments. Chapter 5 reconsiders the initial analysis of Chapter 2 for the case of asymmetrically informed divisional managers. The book ends with the author's conclusions and an appendix including the mathematical proofs. A key theme running through Internal Pricing is that the firm's central office (i.e headquarters) plays a rather limited role in mediating individual transactions. This captures the stylized empirical fact that in most firms, headquarters designs the broad "rules of the game" by choosing a pricing mechanism and compensation contracts, but usually does not get involved in pricing on a product-by-product basis.

Steps Towards a Deeper Economic Integration
Steps Towards a Deeper Economic Integration

Author: Fabienne Ilzkovitz

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 126

ISBN-13:

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Recoge: 1. Introduction - 2. The changing environment of the internal market - 3. Empirical evidence on the effects of the internal market - 4. Why has the potential of the internal market not been fully exploited? - 5. Reflections on the internal market in the 21st century.

The Cost of Non-Europe in the Single Market for Energy
The Cost of Non-Europe in the Single Market for Energy

Author: Micaela Del Monte

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 44

ISBN-13: 9789282343609

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This Cost of Non-Europe report is designed to contribute to a clearer understanding of the potential benefits of building a more open and competitive internal energy market in the European Union. Many gaps and barriers are identified from reviewing the existing literature. Each represents a specific cost for the EU citizens and is a missed opportunity to maximise economic welfare. Four illustrative cases are explored in detail. A common balancing market, for instance, would create large efficiency gains, estimated to be in the region of EUR 600-900 million per year. The specific case of regulated prices showed that about EUR 720 million could be saved per year in a country of the size of Spain or Poland. Progress in increasing the level of integration and interaction in the single energy market is also far from being satisfactory. Moving from a national, towards a full-integration scenario in the electricity sector alone would mean a decrease in total system cost of EUR 6 billion. -- EU Bookshop.

The Cost of Non-Europe in the Single Market for Energy
The Cost of Non-Europe in the Single Market for Energy

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 44

ISBN-13: 9789282343616

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This Cost of Non-Europe report is designed to contribute to a clearer understanding of the potential benefits of building a more open and competitive internal energy market in the European Union. Many gaps and barriers are identified from reviewing the existing literature. Each represents a specific cost for the EU citizens and is a missed opportunity to maximise economic welfare. Four illustrative cases are explored in detail. A common balancing market, for instance, would create large efficiency gains, estimated to be in the region of EUR 600-900 million per year. The specific case of regulated prices showed that about EUR 720 million could be saved per year in a country of the size of Spain or Poland. Progress in increasing the level of integration and interaction in the single energy market is also far from being satisfactory. Moving from a national, towards a full-integration scenario in the electricity sector alone would mean a decrease in total system cost of EUR 6 billion.