Contracts and Peace Treaties
Contracts and Peace Treaties

Author: Pieter Nicolaas Drost

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 232

ISBN-13: 9401505071

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Recent origin of s'ubject. A study on Contracts and Peace Treaties does not require a historical introduction because the problem is of a very recent origin. With regard to its present day importance it is remarkable that the subject found hardly ever expression in any Peace Treaty before 1919. One has only to go back to the Peace Treaties of World War I to find the first detailed provisions relating to contracts between enemies. The text of the relevant articles of the Treaties of the Versailles group is identical. Art. 299 Treaty of Versailles corresponds with art. 251 Treaty of St. Germain, with art. 180 Treaty of Neuilly, with art. 234 Treaty of Trianon. The Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 with Turkey which replaced the unratified Treaty of Sevres, was similar in outline but differed in some material aspects. Presently we shall see that the Treaty of Brest-Litowsk and the other eastern Peace Treaties did not prescribe any alterations in the municipal law of the Signatory Powers. The Peace Treaties of World War II concluded at Paris in 1947 with Italy, Roumania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland contain also a number of identical provisions on contracts. Annex XVI of the Treaty with Italy corresponds with Annex V of the other Treaties. Anglo-Saxon origin of Treaty provisions.

Longmen's Stone Buddhas and Cultural Heritage
Longmen's Stone Buddhas and Cultural Heritage

Author: Dong Wang

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 2020-06-02

Total Pages: 315

ISBN-13: 1538141124

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This thoroughly researched book provides the first comprehensive history of how a UNESCO World Heritage site on the Central China Plain, Longmen’s caves and the Buddhist statuary of Luoyang, was rediscovered in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Drawing on original research and archival sources in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, and Swedish, as well as extensive fieldwork, Dong Wang traces the ties between cultural heritage and modernity, detailing how this historical monument has been understood from antiquity to the present. She highlights the manifold traffic and expanded contact between China and other countries as these nations were reorienting themselves in order to adapt their own cultural traditions to newly industrialized and industrializing societies. Unknown to much of the world, Longmen and its mesmerizing modern history takes readers to the heartland of China, known as “Chinese Babylon” a century ago. With remarkable depth and breadth, this book unravels both a bygone and a continuing human pursuit of artefacts—shared, spiritual, modern, and above all beautiful that have linked so many lives, Chinese and foreign.

Aviation Safety Through the Rule of Law
Aviation Safety Through the Rule of Law

Author: Jiefang Huang

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 2009-01-01

Total Pages: 282

ISBN-13: 9041131159

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Flight is inherently a risky venture, carried out in a hostile environment at great speed. Realistically and regrettably, a commitment to aviation safety can achieve no more than 'as few accidents as possible'. Moreover, the tragic events of 11 September 2001 have conclusively demonstrated that aviation safety goes beyond accident prevention from a technical point of view and extends to more profound political, strategic and legal dimensions. Accordingly, aviation safety requires a multidisciplinary approach: technical, economic, managerial, and legal. This ground-breaking study analyzes, from a legal point of view, the mandate of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) relating to aviation safety in the light of changes which have taken place since the conclusion of the Chicago Convention, including the expansion of the international civil aviation community, the liberalization of the aviation industry, the introduction of new technology, and existing as well as new and emerging terrorist threats. The author clearly demonstrates that ICAO, as the worldwide governmental organization for international civil aviation, should be allowed a more proactive role in enhancing aviation safety. Describing in great detail the contributions of ICAO to the global safety regime and mechanisms, he submits effective ways to rationalize ICAO's quasi-legislative and enforcement functions in order to enhance aviation safety through the rule of law. Among the important topics arising in the course of the analysis are the following: global ramifications of national and regional initiatives; auditing of state compliance with international standards; characterization of crimes against the safety of civil aviation; importance of ensuring that safety requirements are not compromised by profit considerations; burgeoning of airline alliances, code-sharing and outsourcing activities; demands for simplification and unification of certain regulatory procedures; prohibition of the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight; development of new technology, such as satellite-based navigation systems; and importance of the rule of law and the system of checks and balances in international organizations. As a plea to consider civil aviation safety obligations not only as merely contractual obligations between States but as obligations owed to the international community as a whole, this book is sure to give rise to far-reaching discussions and follow-up among policymakers and the interested legal community in the years to come.

On the Threshold of Beauty
On the Threshold of Beauty

Author: Kees Tazelaar

Publisher: Nai010 Publishers

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789462080652

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On the Threshold of Beauty' is an exciting and detailed reconstruction of the emergence of electronic music in the Netherlands. Author Kees Tazelaar, composer and head of the Institute of Sonology at the Royal Conservatoire in The Hague, grippingly relates its turbulent history from the earliest beginnings. This history begins around 1930 with the studio of the Philips Physics Laboratory and the plans for the Philips pavilion at Expo 58 in Brussels. The goal was a lightand- sound demonstration for the general public, but the involvement of Le Corbusier, Iannis Xenakis and Edgard Varèse gave this project a highly avant-garde turn. The result, Poème électronique, was considered by many to be much more experimental than the music of the research laboratory. In 1960 Philips divested itself of the studio. It was absorbed into a new studio at Utrecht University, where Gottfried Michael Koenig became artistic director in 1964. Tazelaar also looks in detail at the influence wielded by the Contact Organization for Electronic Music during this period. -- Publisher.

Treasures in Trusted Hands
Treasures in Trusted Hands

Author: Jos van Beurden

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789088904400

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This pioneering study charts the one-way traffic of cultural and historical objects during five centuries of European colonialism. Former colonies consider this as a historical injustice that has not been undone.

Treaty Interpretation
Treaty Interpretation

Author: Richard K. Gardiner

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 577

ISBN-13: 0199669236

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The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the 'Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties' now apply to virtually all treaties, in an international context as well as within national legal systems, where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Since the codified rules of treaty interpretation came into decree, there is a considerable body of case-law on their application. This case-law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This fully updated new edition features case law from a broader range of jurisdictions, and an account of the work of the International Law Commission in its relation to interpretative declarations. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules.

Nazi Germany and the Jews
Nazi Germany and the Jews

Author: Saul Friedländer

Publisher: Harper Collins

Published: 2009-10-06

Total Pages: 374

ISBN-13: 0061979856

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A great historian crowns a lifetime of thought and research by answering a question that has haunted us for more than 50 years: How did one of the most industrially and culturally advanced nations in the world embark on and continue along the path leading to one of the most enormous criminal enterprises in history, the extermination of Europe's Jews? Giving considerable emphasis to a wealth of new archival findings, Saul Friedlander restores the voices of Jews who, after the 1933 Nazi accession to power, were engulfed in an increasingly horrifying reality. We hear from the persecutors themselves: the leaders of the Nazi party, the members of the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, the university elites, and the heads of the business community. Most telling of all, perhaps, are the testimonies of ordinary German citizens, who in the main acquiesced to increasing waves of dismissals, segregation, humiliation, impoverishment, expulsion, and violence.

War of Words
War of Words

Author: Vincent Kuitenbrouwer

Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 818

ISBN-13: 9089644121

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Tussen 1899 en 1902 woedde in Zuid-Afrika een oorlog tussen de Boerenrepublieken en het Britse Rijk. Veel Nederlanders steunden in die tijd de Boeren. Dit uitte zich in een vloedgolf aan propagandamateriaal om een tegenwicht te bieden aan de Britse berichtgeving over de oorlog. Dit boek bevat een grondige analyse van de Nederlandse pro-Boeren-beweging vanaf haar begin in de jaren 1880. Kuitenbrouwer gaat in op de organisaties die de banden tussen Nederland en Zuid-Afrika trachtten aan te halen en zo belangrijke knooppunten werden in een internationaal netwerk. Aan de hand van bronnenmateriaal toont de auteur aan dat de propagandacampagne voor de Boeren nog lang nagalmde in de twintigste eeuw.0.

Making and Unmaking Nations
Making and Unmaking Nations

Author: Scott Straus

Publisher: Cornell University Press

Published: 2015-03-15

Total Pages: 401

ISBN-13: 0801455677

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Winner of the Grawmeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order, 2018 Winner of the Joseph Lepgold Prize Winner of the Best Books in Conflict Studies (APSA) Winner of the Best Book in Human Rights (ISA) In Making and Unmaking Nations, Scott Straus seeks to explain why and how genocide takes place—and, perhaps more important, how it has been avoided in places where it may have seemed likely or even inevitable. To solve that puzzle, he examines postcolonial Africa, analyzing countries in which genocide occurred and where it could have but did not. Why have there not been other Rwandas? Straus finds that deep-rooted ideologies—how leaders make their nations—shape strategies of violence and are central to what leads to or away from genocide. Other critical factors include the dynamics of war, the role of restraint, and the interaction between national and local actors in the staging of campaigns of large-scale violence. Grounded in Straus's extensive fieldwork in contemporary Africa, the study of major twentieth-century cases of genocide, and the literature on genocide and political violence, Making and Unmaking Nations centers on cogent analyses of three nongenocide cases (Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal) and two in which genocide took place (Rwanda and Sudan). Straus's empirical analysis is based in part on an original database of presidential speeches from 1960 to 2005. The book also includes a broad-gauge analysis of all major cases of large-scale violence in Africa since decolonization. Straus's insights into the causes of genocide will inform the study of political violence as well as giving policymakers and nongovernmental organizations valuable tools for the future.