Comparison Between It-clefts and WH-Clefts: Similarities and Differences
Comparison Between It-clefts and WH-Clefts: Similarities and Differences

Author: Gabriela Bara

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2010-03

Total Pages: 41

ISBN-13: 3640554256

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Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,7, Technical University of Braunschweig (Englisches Seminar), course: Introduction to Information Structure, language: English, abstract: From language to language, there are different alternatives in which a speaker can structure information. Information structure deals with the highlighting of pieces of information in sentences. Even though there are a variety of ways in which the same basic informational content can be conveyed, the preference for a particular way reveals how the speaker's semantic representation is transposed into syntactical data. Moreover, the speaker's choice for structuring information into a particular linguistic form shows the coherent way in which utterances are connected in sequences, revealing thus the importance of discourse. There are several syntactic devices that are able to encode the pragmatic information of a preferred alternative. One type of such devices used to mark information structure is cleft constructions. There are two major types of clefts: it-clefts and WH-clefts, also called pseudo-clefts. There has been claimed in the literature for a long time that cleft constructions are interchangeable. Clefts present a series of syntactic similarities, but they behave differently in discourse. The purpose of this paper is to prove that it-clefts and WH-clefts are not interchangeable. In doing so, data will be analyzed by comparing clefts as far as form, structure, and discourse functions are concerned, and eventually, in the light of given and known information, I will show the essential differences between them. Although the grammatical forms are in direct relation and determine to some degree the information structure in a cleft, apart from the syntactical level, of significant importance is the analysis of cleft constructions as integrated components of a discourse. One should take into account the natural flow of la

It-Clefts
It-Clefts

Author: Caterina Bonan

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2023-11-20

Total Pages: 337

ISBN-13: 3110734249

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Clefts are intricate objects which, starting with Jespersen (1937), have motivated much work in descriptive and formal linguistics. Nonetheless, almost a century later their exact internal structure and status are still widely debated, therefore a multidisciplinary volume on this theoretically complex structure across different languages of the world is greatly needed. The articles featured in this volume follow an in-depth Introduction written by the editors, in which we offer a survey of the state-of-the-art on clefts by way of a strong contextualisation to the volume, including a number of robust empirical observations on the morphosyntactic and interpretational properties of these structures in numerous standard and non-standard Romance varieties, as well as a critical presentation of the contributions included in the volume. Among other things, the ten selected articles propose new insights into the widely-reported interpretational asymmetry between subject and object clefts, the features involved in their derivation, the ways in which the low and high peripheries are variously exploited in the derivation, the morphosyntactic and interpretational differences between clefts and their non-cleft counterparts, the role and formal properties of the copula, the notion of sub-extraction of features, a reconsideration of the very notion of focus via clefting, and much more. The volume, written by renown experts, offers an in-depth overview of the structure of it-clefts, taking into account different and complementary fields of the study of linguistics (cartography, quantitative methods, experimental investigations, nanosyntax, typology and dialectology) and robust empirical data from numerous languages including Romance varieties, Hungarian, Mandarin Chinese, and two Spanish- and French-lexifier creoles. Our belief is that the synchrony of clefts will only be appropriately understood once diachronic, typological, historical, experimental and dialectological aspects are all brought together. We offer through this volume a first attempt at providing such a variegated picture of the cross-linguistic morphosyntax of it-clefts.

Cleft Structures
Cleft Structures

Author: Katharina Hartmann

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2013-11-15

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 9027271127

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The phenomenon of clefts is beyond doubt a golden oldie. It has captivated linguists of different disciplines for decades. The fascination arises from the unique syntax of clefts in interaction with their pragmatic and semantic interpretation. Clefts structure sentences according to the information state of the constituents contained in them. They are special as they exhibit a rather uncommon syntactic form to achieve the separation of the prominent part, either focal or topical, from the background of the clause. Despite the long-lasting interest in clefts, linguists have not yet come to an agreement on many basic questions. The articles contained in this volume address these issues from new theoretical and empirical perspectives. Based on data from about 50 languages from all over the world, this volume presents new arguments for the proper derivation of clefts, and contributes to the ongoing debate on the information-structural impact of cleft structures. Theoretically, it combines modern syntactic theorizing with investigations at the interface between grammar and information-structure.

On the Typology of Wh-questions
On the Typology of Wh-questions

Author: Lisa Lai Shen Cheng

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 220

ISBN-13: 9780815328872

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Offers an explanation for a long-standing question in the typological distinction among languages with respect to formation of interrogatives which use questions words such as "who" and "what." Proposes that the availability of question particles and the properties of question words contribute to the typological distinctions found, and argues that the availability of question particles correlates with the lack of fronting of question words. Of interest to scholars working on interrogatives, syntactic theory, comparative syntax, Chinese syntax, and typology. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

The Grammar–Pragmatics Interface
The Grammar–Pragmatics Interface

Author: Nancy Hedberg

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2007-05-15

Total Pages: 362

ISBN-13: 9027292434

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This collection of papers celebrates the work of Jeanette K. Gundel, who has contributed to the field of the grammar-pragmatics interface through her publications on the syntactic realization of topic and comment and the cognitive status of referring expressions, as well as by inspiring colleagues to make contributions to the overall field of pragmatics. This volume collects together papers from colleagues and former students on pragmatics and syntax, pragmatics and reference, and pragmatics and social variables. The volume includes papers devoted to explicating the grammar-pragmatics interface, with the focus of the papers ranging from Gricean and post-Gricean pragmatics, construction grammar, and genre theory to formal semantics, as well as papers devoted to expanding on Gundel's own original approach to factors such as the cognitive status decisions underlying speakers' choice of referring expression and the topic and focus decisions underlying speakers' choice of syntactic construction.

Frequency, Forms and Functions of Cleft Constructions in Romance and Germanic
Frequency, Forms and Functions of Cleft Constructions in Romance and Germanic

Author: Anna-Maria De Cesare

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2014-11-10

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 311039474X

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The volume describes the frequency, the forms and the functions of different cleft construction types across two language families: the Romance languages (with discussion of Italian, French and Spanish data) and the Germanic languages (with focus on English, German, Swiss German and Danish).

Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries
Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries

Author: Dieter Kastovsky

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter

Published: 2011-06-03

Total Pages: 1596

ISBN-13: 3110856131

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TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.

Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft Constructions in English
Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft Constructions in English

Author: Peter C. Collins

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2015-07-03

Total Pages: 429

ISBN-13: 1317421361

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First published in 1991, this book examines the communicative properties of ‘cleft’ and ‘pseudo-cleft’ constructions in contemporary English. The book argues that these properties cannot be ignored in any attempt to provide an adequate grammatical description of the constructions. Furthermore, they provide a source of explanations for the patterns of stylistic variation displayed by clefts and pseudo-clefts. The book reports findings from a corpus-based study of clefts and pseudo-clefts in modern British English.

Who is What and What is Who
Who is What and What is Who

Author: Issa M. Abdel-Razaq

Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Published: 2015-02-27

Total Pages: 255

ISBN-13: 1443875929

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Who is What and What is Who: the Morphosyntax of Arabic WH is a comprehensive book that deals with one of the most controversial phenomena in syntax, Parametric Variation. In particular, the book offers an in-depth, micro-parametric analysis of all the strategies used in wh-question formation and the variation in these observed in modern Arabic dialects. Unlike traditional analyses of this element of Arabic linguistics, the approach developed here is based on the morphology-syntax interface, as well as the syntax-phonology interface in addressing parametric variation. The findings of the study detailed in this book are also placed in perspective through an examination of the possibilities that Universal Grammar offers languages in terms of building wh-dependencies, including topicalisation, relativization and variable binding. Overall, the book provides a solid foundation in various aspects of the contemporary syntax of modern Arabic dialects.

Information Highlighting in Advanced Learner English
Information Highlighting in Advanced Learner English

Author: Marcus Callies

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2009-04-08

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 9027289484

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This book presents the first detailed and comprehensive study of information highlighting in advanced learner language, echoing the increasing interest in questions of near-native competence in SLA research and contributing to the description of advanced interlanguages. It examines the production and comprehension of specific means of information highlighting in English by native speakers and German learners of English as a foreign language, presenting triangulated experimental and learner corpus data as corroborating evidence. The study focuses on learners’ use of discourse-pragmatically motivated variations of the basic word order such as inversion, preposing, and it- and wh-clefts, an underexplored field in SLA research to date.The book also provides a critical re-assessment of the study of pragmatics within SLA. It has largely been neglected to date that L2 pragmatic knowledge includes more than the sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic abilities for understanding and performing speech acts. Thus, the book argues for an extension of the scope of inquiry in interlanguage pragmatics beyond the cross-cultural investigation of speech acts. It also discusses pedagogical implications for foreign language teaching and will be of interest to applied linguists and SLA researchers, language teachers and curriculum designers.