The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides disability benefits through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. To receive SSDI or SSI disability benefits, an individual must meet the statutory definition of disability, which is "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity [SGA] by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." SSA uses a five-step sequential process to determine whether an adult applicant meets this definition. Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities examines ways to collect information about an individual's physical and mental (cognitive and noncognitive) functional abilities relevant to work requirements. This report discusses the types of information that support findings of limitations in functional abilities relevant to work requirements, and provides findings and conclusions regarding the collection of information and assessment of functional abilities relevant to work requirements.
Recurrence and metastasis of malignancy is a multistep process that involves the escape of tumor cells from the primary location, systemic translocation in the body, and adaptation to the foreign microenvironment of distant sites. The spread of cancer cells is mediated by the interaction between tumor cells (seeds) and the microenvironment of the host organ (soil). Emerging evidence has revealed several stages of the invasion-metastasis cascade, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance escape. Moreover, host organs could develop premetastatic niches and be more vulnerable to cancer cell colonization, adaptation and growth.
Exercise testing is a versatile tool for health purposes. When used in combination with specific devices and sensors, it can provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information in a wide range of populations. Exercise testing outcomes are also useful for training prescriptions and defining responses to clinical trials evaluating interventions. Whole-body maximal tests (e.g., cardiopulmonary exercise testing), field tests (e.g., walking tests), and modalities isolating a muscle group (e.g., isokinetic endurance testing) all have their advantages and limits and should be viewed as complementary. Recent advances in wearable technology and artificial intelligence provide unique opportunities to broaden the application of these tests and facilitate their interpretation. In the meantime, the clinimetric properties of some widely used exercise tests are still poorly documented in several clinical populations, which hampers optimal diagnosis and management. Moreover, most exercise tests used in clinical practice are suffering from a lack of ecological validity and there is a need to develop and valid new testing modalities that best mimic daily life functioning. This Research Topic aims to extend our knowledge regarding the validity and clinical utility of various exercise testing modalities and facilitate their interpretation. This topic supports a multimodal approach to exercise testing and welcomes reports investigating either whole-body or local muscle testing. Submission of research combining different exercise modalities and investigating their potential links are particularly encouraged. Inter-disciplinary research with studies integrating concepts, tools, and data from various disciplines like exercise physiology, biomechanics, and psychology are of particular interest for this Research Topic. This topic is not restricted in terms of age, medical conditions, or type of disease but manuscripts must have clear implications for human health.
Now in its Second Edition, this text is the most up-to-date reference on the evaluation and treatment of neurologic problems in older adults. The book is organized so that clinicians can quickly look up either a patient's symptom(s) or a disease, and includes medication charts and diagnostic algorithms. Psychosocial issues such as driving and long-term care options are also addressed. This edition has more information on EMG, evoked potentials, other clinical neurophysiologic procedures, brain imaging, PET scans for dementia screening, and functional imaging in patients with cognitive changes. Updated information on new antiparkinsonian agents and paraneoplastic syndromes is also included.
Psychosomatic diseases are a group of diseases closely related to psychosocial factors but mainly manifested by somatic symptoms, involving respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and other systems. As a result, the lack of consensus on its diagnosis has plagued clinical treatment in internal medicine, surgery, and psychiatry for decades. In recent years, research on the pathogenesis of psychosomatic diseases has made significant progress. For example, Franz Alexander believes that unresolved subconscious conflicts are the main cause of psychosomatic disorders. The subconscious psychological conflict is caused by the changes in the functional activities of the autonomic nervous system, acting on the corresponding special organs and patients with susceptible qualities. Similarly, mental and psychological factors affect gastrointestinal sensory and motor functions through the autonomic nervous system, brain-gut axis, and neuroendocrine system. Meanwhile, gastrointestinal symptoms also affect emotions and behaviors through the brain-gut axis. In addition, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotional physiology and Pavlovian theory of higher neural activity types from quantitative research methods to study the relationship between conscious psychological factors, such as emotions, and measurable physiological and biochemical changes. In clinical work, the treatment of psychosomatic diseases has gradually shifted from emphasizing physical treatment to comprehensive treatment principles, that is, taking into account the psychological and behavioral aspects of the physical treatment of the primary disease. The main purpose of physical treatment of the primary disease is to control or relieve symptoms. To consolidate the treatment of psychosomatic diseases and reduce the recurrence of psychosomatic diseases, combining physical therapy with necessary psychotherapy would potentially obtain a more comprehensive curative effect.
Enormous progress in asthma research has been made in the past 50 years, including a greater understanding of its complex pathogenesis and new and more effective therapies. Consequently, the scientific literature has grown vast and can be difficult to integrate. With contributions from a distinguished panel of world-renowned authors, Clinical Asthm
Boyd's Textbook makes pathology easy to understand and interesting to learn through its unique and inimitable style of presentation. This is a friendly and standard text that has served the needs of many generations of students and faculties across many countries. The Tenth Edition retains the original style and flavour of Boyd while presenting a contemporary and updated exposition of pathology.
Recognizing the future leaders of Neuroendocrine Science is fundamental to safeguarding tomorrow's driving force in innovation. This collection will showcase the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers both in the midst and in the early stages of their careers. We aim to highlight research by leading scientists of the future across the entire breadth of neuroendocrinology, and present advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. Please note, contributions to the collection are by invitation only. Please inform the Editorial Office at [email protected] once you are prepared to submit. This Research Topic will accept the following article types: Original Research; Review; Mini Review; Systematic Review; Methods; Hypothesis and Theory; Opinion; and Perspective. All Rising Star researchers will be suggested by established Editors in recognition of their influence on the future directions in their respective fields.
If you want to excel in the physical therapy field, you'll need to first master the art of manual muscle testing. Written by a well-known PT expert, Muscle and Sensory Testing, 3rd Edition provides you with everything you need to effectively perform manual muscle and sensory tests – all in one well-organized, easy-to-follow resource. Chapters include an overview of muscle strength assessment and detail precise anatomic testing techniques for upper extremities, lower extremities, and head, neck and trunk; functional muscle tests; tests for mental status, cranial nerves and superficial reflexes; and use of observational gait analysis as a screening tool. Photographs of testing procedures, line drawings of various innervations, and video clips showing manual muscle testing procedures augment your understanding of this important skill area. - UNIQUE! Video clips on the companion Evolve website showcase techniques involving muscle tests, handheld dynamometry, sensory and neurologic testing, clinician and patient positioning, and force application. - Chapter 6: Techniques of Pediatric Muscle Testing covers the different techniques for manual infant muscle testing that help determine prognosis and treatment. - Consistent chapter layout and organization by joint and muscle system allow you to quickly and easily locate the information you need. - Instructions for performing hand-held dynamometry of major trunk and extremity muscles are clear and concise to ease your comprehension. - Chapter on functional muscle testing demonstrates positioning, examiner instructions, and expected response for patients of all ages. - Detailed neurologic exam instructions with photos help you perform accurate screening and interpret exam results. - Coverage of techniques such as gravity-resisted testing and gravity-eliminated testing clearly shows you how to perform alternative methods of manual muscle testing. - Hundreds of photos and illustrations demonstrate various techniques and landmarks to give you a clear understanding of positioning, stabilization, and common substitutions. - Clinical notes highlight useful information about particular symptoms or conditions that you may encounter in practice. - Case vignettes challenge you to apply your knowledge to real-world situations and think creatively about clinical problems. - Overview of normal gait cycle serves as a resource for identifying gait deviations and associated muscle weaknesses. - Evaluation of current research methods addresses the validity, reliability, and limitations of muscle testing techniques. - Companion Evolve website contains additional, up-to-date information on this topic, such as pediatric data on the hand-held dynamometer.
Approximately 29 million Americans are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes annually. Of that number, only about 36 percent (10.44 million diabetes sufferers) achieve satisfactory medical outcomes and would need additional help—rarely available—to reliably control their glucose levels. Contrary to popular belief, although anti-diabetic medications can lower sugar levels, nevertheless they have a poor performance track record because inflammation in the blood vessels persists. This book details recent scientific findings that cardiovascular, kidney, vision, peripheral nervous system, and other body damage caused by chronic high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in Type 2 diabetes is actually due to excessive generation of unopposed free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These, in turn, cause chronic systemic inflammation and dysfunction of the endothelial lining of the arterial blood vessels, jeopardizing the formation of the protective molecule nitric oxide (NO), thus severely impairing the blood supply to every organ and tissue in the body. This book also catalogues the evidence that chronic hyperglycemia causes profound and often irreversible damage—even long before Type 2 diabetes has been diagnosed. In addition, because conventional prescription treatments are, unfortunately, often inadequate, the book details evidence-based complementary means of blood sugar control.
