This paper re-examines the causality relationship between monetary aggregates, output and prices in the case of Malaysia. The study is based upon a vector autoregression (VAR) model applying the Granger no-causality procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The results indicate a two-way causality running between monetary aggregates, M2 and M3 and output which is consistent with theoretically conjecture by Keynesian and Monetarist views whereas there is a one-way causality running from monetary aggregate, M1 and output. In addition, the results suggest that all monetary aggregates have a strong one-way causality running from money to prices but no evidence for the opposite causality. Thus, the results add the empirical support to the argument in the literature that inflation is a monetary phenomenon.
Case Study from the year 2016 in the subject Economics - Monetary theory and policy, , language: English, abstract: Since the main objective of the paper is to test the existence of causality relationship between the three macroeconomic variables, namely real GDP, price level (CPI) and M2 money supply (MS), analysis has been made there by employing 40 years of data (data from 1975-2014). VAR Granger causality test has been made to verify the objective of the paper. The VAR Granger causality test result suggesting the existence of strong and significant correlation between the three variable s pairwise. The direction of causation is found to be a uni- directional causation between money supply and inflation, real GDP and Money supply and between real GDP and inflation and the causation runs from money supply to inflation, real GDP to Money supply and real GDP to inflation respectively. From the causation we observed that money supply has relationship with level of price and economic growth (real GDP). Basically targeting monetary expansion has a multiple role to boost economic growth and control the level of inflation.
This volume represents a cornucopia of research studies coming out of an international conference held in Kigali, Rwanda in 2018. The essays comprise contributions on various microeconomic and macroeconomic policy angles that are crucial for a less developed economy to embark on a road to recovery to converge with the desired trajectory. The topics encompass a broad range of issues like the role of savings, capital formation, human capital, innovations, entrepreneurship, profit-shifting by multinational corporations, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and firms’ strategies for achieving sustained and balanced growth. The chapters are organized under three major themes based on the commonality of areas that they cover: (i) Macroeconomic Constraints: Monetary Policy, Investments, and Population; (ii) Firms’ Performance, SMEs, and Role of Entrepreneurship; and (iii) Entrepreneurship and Business Performance: Strategies and Policies. It has a collection of 12 empirical studies that have an overall focus on macroeconomic policies such as savings among the rural poor; sustained investments in and development of capital markets; role of entrepreneurial sustainability; role of innovations for firms’ performance; healthcare reforms; the benefits of technology, policy incentives such as tax benefits for promoting growth, and strategic considerations such as marketing or positioning strategies; export strategies; and productivity enhancement via processing and profit sharing. With contributions from 27 authors, the studies bring forth knowledge about the factors that influence well-being via better technologies and innovations favoring productivity, firm performance, and their positive externalities in the food, nutrition, and health sectors. Given the wide-ranging coverage of top-down and bottom-up approaches and strategies for development, the book offers insights for policy interventions necessary for Rwanda’s gradual transition from agriculture to an industrial transformation via manufacturing and service-led development without smokestack industries.
Market failure at medium intervals is inevitable in a capitalist economy. Such failures may not be seriously seen in the short run because market adjusts demand through hoarding of inventory or import of required goods and services. The market also adjusts demand in the long run through expansion of concerned industrial output and also by the entry of new firms. The crucial variable is price which also adjusts the commodity and the labor market. The problem comes when there are issues of overproduction, over capacity utilization of plants, over liquidation and excess supply of money, change in demand because of change in tastes and habits of consumers, households and the public. All these create knife edge disturbances in the economy. As a consequence they need adjustment through some variables such as employment and growth of population, saving propensity, technology, exhaustion of existing inventory, monetary and fiscal balancing. In this volume an attempt has been made to appraise the working of a market economy where short term disturbances may occur, market efficiency reduces, recessionary cycle emerges and after certain fundamental measures the market recovers. Starting with a brief recent history of the crisis and the recession, discussions in this volume turn to how deliberations in macroeconomics yield implications for specific policies, some of which have been tried and others still to be tested. Further in the volume we propose policies necessary for efficient regulation of the economic system, and give a brief assessment of the extent to which global policy coordination has been mulled in policy circles even if these are not seriously practiced.
Policymakers in countries undergoing banking crises should not worry about the structural stability of money demand functions; the behavior of money demand during crises can be modeled by the same function used during periods of tranquility. But policymakers should be aware that in some instances crises can give rise to variance instability in the price or inflation equations.
In the tradition of the Asia Competitiveness Institute (ACI) at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore (NUS), our research publications make a distinctive contribution to the understanding of economic development in Asia by evaluating and tracking competitiveness for the ten ASEAN member states annually since 2000 through combining leading-edge methodologies with an extensive dataset. In this third edition, the competitiveness ranking and simulation study for ASEAN-10 are improved and updated with 121 indicators across four environments. An in-depth assessment of the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) offers important implications for future integration initiatives in the broader Asia Pacific region. Novel empirical frameworks are also applied to provide an estimation of annual agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth in eight ASEAN economies and to shed light on the drivers of growth in the travel and tourism industry in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
Financial Literacy in Today's Global Market presents a comprehensive overview of financial literacy in the global world. Written by authors from various academic centers, the book provides knowledge, recommendations, and practical solutions to new challenges within the contemporary processes of financial globalization, financial literacy, and the international market. Financial Literacy in Today's Global Market provides up-to-date knowledge about the science of finance, which in practical elements translates into the quality of socioeconomic life. This book raises many issues related to the processes taking place before our eyes on global financial markets, which influence the change in the ways and possibilities of human functioning in economic life. Financial technologies (FinTech) are some of the most important factors for the intelligent and sustainable development of knowledge-based economies. The selection of topics discussed herein reflects the growing importance of the world of finance, including the impact of information technologies on socioeconomic development and changes in the organization of financial flows. The global financial market is the subject of interest for many technical and social sciences and is associated with the interpenetration of technical, organizational, marketing, social, and psychological processes. All these elements are combined with modern knowledge about the processes taking place in the global world of finance. The book discusses changes in the global environment as\ a result of the revolution of financial processes in society, which are the foundation of every economy.
This book is a compilation of papers written jointly by the staff and students of the Applied Economics Division of the Nanyang Business School. It is unique, in that all the works included are the result of an extensive, equal and mutually beneficial collaboration between the students and staff. At the same time, they embody the highest level of technical and analytical rigor, and will be immensely relevant and useful to readers interested in East Asian economic issues. In particular, this volume will prove valuable for anyone interested in both the microeconomic and macroeconomic developments affecting Singapore and ASEAN.
