And introduction -- Actions by the Federal Reserve to address the financial crisis -- The projected impact of the Federal Reserve's actions on the Federal Budget -- Estimates of fair-value subsidies from the Federal Reserve's actions -- Appendix A : Programs created by the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis -- Appendix B : CBO's fair-value methods.
Over the past several years, the nation has experienced its most severe financial crisis since the Great Depression. In response, policymakers undertook a series of extraordinary actions to stabilize financial markets and institutions. The Federal Reserve System (FR) used its policy tools to reduce short-term interest rates and increase the avail. of funds to banks, and it created a variety of non-traditional credit programs to help restore liquidity and confidence to the financial sector. This study describes the various actions by the FR to stabilize the financial markets and how those actions will affect the fed. budget in coming years. Also presents estimates of the risk-adjusted subsidies that the FR provided to financial institutions through its emergency programs.
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, published by the U.S. Government and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in early 2011, is the official government report on the United States financial collapse and the review of major financial institutions that bankrupted and failed, or would have without help from the government. The commission and the report were implemented after Congress passed an act in 2009 to review and prevent fraudulent activity. The report details, among other things, the periods before, during, and after the crisis, what led up to it, and analyses of subprime mortgage lending, credit expansion and banking policies, the collapse of companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the federal bailouts of Lehman and AIG. It also discusses the aftermath of the fallout and our current state. This report should be of interest to anyone concerned about the financial situation in the U.S. and around the world.THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION is an independent, bi-partisan, government-appointed panel of 10 people that was created to "examine the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States." It was established as part of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009. The commission consisted of private citizens with expertise in economics and finance, banking, housing, market regulation, and consumer protection. They examined and reported on "the collapse of major financial institutions that failed or would have failed if not for exceptional assistance from the government."News Dissector DANNY SCHECHTER is a journalist, blogger and filmmaker. He has been reporting on economic crises since the 1980's when he was with ABC News. His film In Debt We Trust warned of the economic meltdown in 2006. He has since written three books on the subject including Plunder: Investigating Our Economic Calamity (Cosimo Books, 2008), and The Crime Of Our Time: Why Wall Street Is Not Too Big to Jail (Disinfo Books, 2011), a companion to his latest film Plunder The Crime Of Our Time. He can be reached online at www.newsdissector.com.
Contents: (1) Recent Developments and Analysis; (2) The Global Financial Crisis and U.S. Interests: Policy; Four Phases of the Global Financial Crisis; (3) New Challenges and Policy in Managing Financial Risk; (4) Origins, Contagion, and Risk; (5) Effects on Emerging Markets: Latin America; Russia and the Financial Crisis; (6) Effects on Europe and The European Response: The ¿European Framework for Action¿; The British Rescue Plan; Collapse of Iceland¿s Banking Sector; (7) Impact on Asia and the Asian Response: Asian Reserves and Their Impact; National Responses; (8) International Policy Issues: Bretton Woods II; G-20 Meetings; The International Monetary Fund; Changes in U.S. Reg¿s. and Regulatory Structure; (9) Legislation.
This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Contents: (1) The Budget Outlook: The Budget Deficit, Revenues, and Outlays in 2010; Baseline Budget Projections for 2011 to 2020; Budgetary Effects of Alternative Policy Actions; The Long-Term Budget Outlook; (2) The Economic Outlook: Factors Affecting the Pace of the Recovery; Labor Markets through 2014; Inflation Through 2014; Some Uncertainties in the Short-Term Economic Outlook; Output, Employment, and Inflation from 2015 Through 2020; Income from 2010 Through 2020; Comparison with the January 2010 Forecast; Comparison with Other Forecasts; (3) Changes in the Baseline Since March 2010; (4) A Comparison of various Baselines. Charts and tables.
Recently, the federal gov't. has been recording the largest budget deficits, as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), since the end of World War II. As a result of those deficits, the amount of federal debt held by the public has soared surpassing $9 trillion at the end of fiscal year 2010 and equal to 62 percent of GDP. The interest the government pays on that debt is currently low by historical standards as a percentage of GDP but is expected to grow rapidly over the next several years as interest rates rise. This study provides background material on federal debt and interest costs. Contents: Debt Held by the Public; Other Measures of Federal Debt; Interest Payments and Receipts. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand publication.
