This report presents a cost analysis of Ammonium Nitrate production from ammonia and nitric acid. The process examined is a typical neutralization under vacuum process. In this process, Ammonium Nitrate solution is generated as the final product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Gaseous Ammonia, Aqueous Nitric Acid, Acid-Base Reaction, ANS, AN-S
This report presents a cost analysis of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate production from ammonia, nitric acid, and lime meal. The process examined is a typical neutralization under pressure process. In this process, ammonia reacts with nitric acid producing ammonium nitrate. Lime meal is added in the granulation step for Calcium Ammonium Nitrate production. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Gaseous Ammonia, Aqueous Nitric Acid, Acid-Base Reaction, Limestone Meal
This report presents a cost analysis of Caprolactam production from benzene. The process examined involves the following steps: benzene is hydrogenated to cyclohexane; cyclohexane is oxidized to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone; cyclohexanol is dehydrogenated to cyclohexanone; cyclohexanone undergoes an oximation reaction with hydroxilamine; and the oxime produced is rearranged to Caprolactam. Ammonium sulfate is also generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Caprolactam", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition (2) "Cyclohexane", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Cyclohexanone, Cyclohexanol, Lactam Synthesis, Lactam Purification, Ammonium Sulfate Crystallization
This report presents a cost analysis of Adipic Acid production from cyclohexane. The process examined is a two-stage oxidation process, similar to the Invista technology. In this process, cyclohexane is initially oxidized with air to produce KA oil (mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol). Subsequently, the KA oil is oxidized with nitric acid to produce Adipic Acid. A mixture of adipic, glutaric, and succinic acids is generated as by-product. GGKEY:YEUZ5NEBS2C This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 20040054235, issued to DuPont in 2004 (assigned to Invista in 2004) (2) "Adipic Acid," Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: Hexanedioic Acid, DuPont, Ketone/Alcohol Oil, Air Oxidation, Nitric Acid Oxidation, Boric Acid
This report presents a cost analysis of Nitrobenzene production from benzene and nitric acid. The process examined is similar to NORAM's adiabatic benzene nitration process. In this process, benzene, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid are sent to a plug-flow nitrator containing jet-impingement elements. The product from nitration is washed and purified, producing technical-grade Nitrobenzene. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 20110245547, issued to NORAM International Limited in 2011 (2) "Nitrobenzene and Nitrotoluene", McKetta, J. J. and Cunningham, W. A.. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 31 Keywords: NORAM, Benzene Nitration
Analytical methods used in the Geologic Division laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for the inorganic chemical analysis of rock and mineral samples.
The practice of biotechnology, though different in style, scale and substance in globalizing science for development involves all countries. Investment in biotechnology in the industrialised, the developing, and the least developed countries, is now amongst the widely accepted avenues being used for economie development. The simple utilization of kefir technology, the detoxification of injurious chemical pesticides e.g. parathion, the genetic tailoring of new crops, and the production of a first of a kind of biopharmaceuticals illustrate the global scope and content of biotechnology research endeavour and effort. In the developing and least developed nations, and in which the 9 most populous countries· are encountered, problems concerning management of the environment, food security, conservation of human health resources and capacity building are important factors that influence the path to sustainable development. Long-term use of biotechnology in the agricultural, food, energy and health sectors is expected to yield a windfall of economic, environmental and social benefits. Already the prototypes of new medicines and of prescription fruit vaccines are available. Gene based agriculture and medieine is increasingly being adopted and accepted. Emerging trends and practices are reflected in the designing of more efficient bioprocesses, and in new research in enzyme and fermentation technology, in the bioconversion of agro industrial residues into bio-utility products, in animal healthcare, and in the bioremediation and medical biotechnologies. Indeed, with each new day, new horizons in biotechnology beckon.
