This historical book is a sequel to Caesar's Commentaries on the Civil War, and it is widely assumed that his lieutenant Aulus Hirtius ghost wrote it. After the battle of Pharsalus, Caesar pursues the defeated Pompey to Alexandria, only to discover that his adversary has been killed by the Egyptians. Caesar later chose to ally himself with Cleopatra, sister of Ptolemy XIII, enduring a siege that resulted in the infamous burning of the library of Alexandria, according to Plutarch. Caesar turned his attention to Asia after winning the Battle of the Nile in 47 BC. The book concludes with Caesar's famous remark 'Veni, Vidi, vici' (I came, I saw, I conquered) after his victory over Pontus at the Battle of Zena.
Alexandria and Northern Virginia were the first areas to feel the fury of the Civil War. The New York Herald war correspondent observed, "Many hamlets and towns have been destroyed during the war, Alexandria has most suffered. It has been in the uninterrupted possession of the Federals. . . . Alexandria is filled with ruined people; they walk as strangers through their ancient streets, and their property is no longer theirs to possess. . . . these things ensued, as the natural results of civil war; and one's sympathies were everywhere enlisted for the poor, the exiled, and the bereaved." This book graphically portrays the scenes of war and occupation.
During the Civil War, the strategically located town of Winchester, Virginia, suffered from the constant turmoil of military campaigning perhaps more than any other town. Occupied dozens of times by alternating Union and Confederate forces, Winchester suffered through three major battles, including some seventy smaller skirmishes. In his voluminous community study of the town over the course of four tumultuous years, Richard R. Duncan shows that in many ways Winchester's history provides a paradigm of the changing nature of the war. Indeed, Duncan reveals how the town offers a microcosm of the war: slavery collapsed, women assumed control in the absence of men, and civilians vied for authority alongside an assortment of revolving military commanders. Control over Winchester was vital for both the North and the South. Confederates used it as a base to strike the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and conduct raids into western Maryland and Pennsylvania, and when Federal forces occupied the town, they threatened Staunton -- Lee's breadbasket -- and the Virginia Central Railroad. At various times during the war, generals "Stonewall" Jackson, Nathaniel Banks, Robert Milroy, Richard Ewell, Jubal Early, and Philip Sheridan each controlled the town. Guerrilla activity further compounded the region's strife as insecurity became the norm for its civilian population. In this first scholarly treatment of occupied Winchester, Duncan has compiled a narrative of voices from the entire community, including those of groups often omitted from such studies, such as slaves, women, and Confederate dissenters. He shows how Federal occupation meant an early end to slavery in Winchester and how the paucity of men left women to serve as the major cohesive force in the community, making them a bulwark of Confederate support. He also explores the tensions between civilians and military personnel that inevitably arose as each group sought to protect its interests. The war, Duncan explains, left Winchester a landscape of wreckage and economic loss. A fascinating case study of civilian survival amid the turmoil of war, Beleaguered Winchester will appeal to Civil War scholars and enthusiasts alike.
This volume contains one hundred of the greatest war pictures ever taken. Union troops in battle, Lincoln at Antietam, the ruins of Richmond, Lee's surrender at Appomattox, and more. It became the Civil War's best-known visual record and helped define how viewers would come to know the war. This classic also became foundational in the history of American photography, combining, for the first time, words and images in a sophisticated and moving account.
During the American Civil War, several newspapers remained Confederate sympathizers despite their locations being occupied by Union troops. Examining these papers, the authors explore what methods of suppression occupiers used, how occupation influenced the editorial and business sides of the press, and how occupation impacted freedom of the press.
