After 25 Years as Faithful Members of the EU
After 25 Years as Faithful Members of the EU

Author: Felix Roth

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Austria, Finland and Sweden became members of the EU in 1995. This paper examines how support for the euro and trust in the European Central Bank (ECB) have evolved in these three countries since their introduction at the turn of the century. Support for the euro in the two euroarea members Austria and Finland has remained high and relatively stable since the physical introduction of the new currency nearly 20 years ago, while the euro crisis significantly reduced support for the euro in Sweden. Since the start of the crisis, trust in the ECB was strongly influenced by the pronounced increase in unemployment in the euro area, demonstrating that the ECB was held accountable for macroeconomic developments. Our results indicate that citizens in the EU, both within and outside the euro area, judge the euro and the ECB based on the economic performance of the euro area. Thus, the best way to foster support for the euro and trust in the ECB is to pursue policies aimed at achieving low unemployment and high growth.

The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law
The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law

Author: Marcus Klamert

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 354

ISBN-13: 0199683123

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The principle of loyalty requires the EU and its Member States to co-operate sincerely towards the implementation of EU law. Under the principle, the European courts have developed significant public law duties on States to deepen the reach of EU law. This is the first full-length analysis of the loyalty principle and its legal implications.

Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture [2 volumes]
Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture [2 volumes]

Author: Eric Martone

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA

Published: 2008-12-08

Total Pages: 707

ISBN-13: 0313344493

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Blacks have played a significant part in European civilization since ancient times. This encyclopedia illuminates blacks in European history, literature, and popular culture. It emphasizes the considerable scope of black influence in, and contributions to, European culture. The first blacks arrived in Europe as slaves and later as laborers and soldiers, and black immigrants today along with others are transforming Europe into multicultural states. This indispensable set expands our knowledge of blacks in Western civilization. More than 350 essay entries introduce students and other readers to the white European response to blacks in their countries, the black experiences and impact there, and the major interactions between Europe and Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States that resulted in the settling of blacks in Europe. The range of information presented is impressive, with entries on noted European political, literary, and cultural figures of black descent from ancient times to the present, major literary works that had a substantial impact on European perceptions of blacks, black holidays and festivals, the struggle for civil equality for blacks, the role and influence of blacks in contemporary European popular culture, black immigration to Europe, black European identity, and much more. Offered as well are entries on organizations that contributed to the development of black political and social rights in Europe, representations of blacks in European art and cultural symbols, and European intellectual and scientific theories on blacks. Individual entries on Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Central Europe, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe include historical overviews of the presence and contributions of blacks and discussion of country's role in the African slave trade and abolition and its colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. Suggestions for further reading accompany each entry. A chronology, resource guide, and photos complement the text.

The International Responsibility of the European Union
The International Responsibility of the European Union

Author: Malcolm Evans

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2013-03-12

Total Pages: 382

ISBN-13: 1782251030

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How is the international responsibility of the European Union determined? In the context of the multilayered and ever evolving Union legal order, the Lisbon Treaty has introduced considerable changes to the Union's participation in international affairs. These have rendered this thorny question an even more pressing concern not only for the European Union and its Member States but also for third countries and international organisations. Based on papers delivered at the bi-annual EU/International Law Forum organised by the University of Bristol in May 2011, this volume brings together EU and international law experts to address the various questions raised by the Union's international responsibility. It discusses horizontal issues, such as the concept of responsibility of international organisations in the evolving international legal order and the different techniques available for determining responsibility. It also focuses on specific policy areas (trade, investment, environment, security and defence, human rights) by approaching them from both an EU and international law perspective.

Researching Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty
Researching Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty

Author: Paul Szwarc

Publisher: Kogan Page Publishers

Published: 2005-07-03

Total Pages: 273

ISBN-13: 0749446218

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Customer satisfaction and loyalty has been one of the largest areas of market research for the past twenty years, and interest in it continues to increase. Organizations today invest heavily in programmes designed to retain customers as they recognize the importance of having loyal, committed customers to sustain and increase company profits. Researching Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty is a vital guide to this expanding area. It examines how to research customer satisfaction from both a client and a supplier perspective, and how to get the best results from that research. The breadth of detail is exhaustive and topics covered include: the development of customer satisfaction and loyalty, management theories about it, qualitative and quantitative research, and how market research projects get commissioned. The book also looks at the factors that both supplier and client need to consider when preparing a research brief and proposal, how interest in this area is changing and what the future holds for research into customer satisfaction.