Climatological Marine-fog Frequencies Derived from a Synthesis of the Visibility-weather Group Elements of the Transient-ship Synoptic Reports
Climatological Marine-fog Frequencies Derived from a Synthesis of the Visibility-weather Group Elements of the Transient-ship Synoptic Reports

Author: Robert J. Renard

Publisher:

Published: 1975

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13:

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The study presents the essentials of a method of synthesizing the visibility-weather group elements of marine synoptic reports into a computerized scheme for the purpose of deriving frequencies of marine-fog occurrence. The program, based on an interpretation of reporting guidelines in the Synoptic Code Manual, uses 16 combinations of present and past weather, and visibility, to identify fog in the reports. The program then objectively assigns the duration of fog for the period represented by each of the reports. A prototype climatology of marine-fog occurrence for July, over the North Pacific Ocean, is derived from application of the method to a ten-year data base (1963-72). Results are compared and discussed in relation to other published coastal and marine-fog climatologies. Diurnal fog frequencies at sea and the compatibility of fog observations from Ocean Weather Stations and transient ships are also treated. The continuing work and its goals are described.

Statistical Diagnostic Modeling of Marine Fog Using Model Output Parameters
Statistical Diagnostic Modeling of Marine Fog Using Model Output Parameters

Author: Brian Lee Van Orman

Publisher:

Published: 1977

Total Pages: 204

ISBN-13:

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Diagnostic model output parameters, provided by the Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, Calif. (FNWC), and the marine fog frequency climatology developed at the Naval Postgraduate School, are statistically processed in context with marine surface synoptic ship reports in order to develop a linear regression scheme to model distribution of marine fog. The study area includes a large section of the North Pacific Ocean (from 30-60N) at 0000 GMT, 1-30 July 1976. The diagnostic capabilities of the regression equations are analyzed through the use of three verification scoring systems. Improvement over climatology and FNWC's operational fog probability program (FTER), is demonstrated. Selective mappings of the regression equation outputs and categorized observations are intercompared with the sea-level pressure analysis; FTER; and the evaporative heat flux--the most significant predictor parameter.

Fog Sequences on the Central California Coast with Examples
Fog Sequences on the Central California Coast with Examples

Author: Craig Allen Peterson

Publisher:

Published: 1975

Total Pages: 190

ISBN-13:

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In the low visibility range, forecasts during the summer period along the west coast of California are presently not made with any degree of accuracy. Modeling sequences associated with the nonfrontal fog formations during the summer period offer the possibility of improving fog diagnosis. Such sequences have been in use in Southern California for some time. This study uses a synoptic approach, focusing on sequences observed in the non-diurnal aspects of coastal fog. A development model is presented in order to delineate patterns of the fog phenomenon along the Central California coast. Actually observed fog situations are presented in order to evaluate the model and determine if day-to-day changes in specific non-diurnal indices represent trends which can aid forecasters. Results show that, although the model is general in nature, a correlation between the stages of the observed fog exists. The relationship of the time of occurrence of dense fog and the trends in the height of the inversion base and daily maximum temperatures at the top of the inversion and the inland valley are pointed out. (Author).

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2022-04-30

Total Pages: 755

ISBN-13: 9781009157971

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation
Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation

Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2012-05-28

Total Pages: 593

ISBN-13: 1107025060

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Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. This Special Report explores the social as well as physical dimensions of weather- and climate-related disasters, considering opportunities for managing risks at local to international scales. SREX was approved and accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 18 November 2011 in Kampala, Uganda.