A Study of Radio Frequency Converters and Mixers
Author: James J. Skiles
Publisher:
Published: 1951
Total Pages: 85
ISBN-13:
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Author: James J. Skiles
Publisher:
Published: 1951
Total Pages: 85
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Bert Henderson
Publisher: Artech House
Published: 2013-08-01
Total Pages: 877
ISBN-13: 1608074897
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAlthough microwave mixers play a critical role in wireless communication and other microwave applications employing frequency conversion circuits, engineers find that most books on this subject emphasize theoretical aspects, rather than practical applications. That’s about to change with the forthcoming release of Microwave Mixer Technology and Applications. Based on a review of over one thousand patents on mixers and frequency conversion, authors Bert Henderson and Edmar Camargo have written a comprehensive book for mixer designers who want solid ideas for solving their own design challenges. Many of the important and most interesting patents and related circuits are discussed in the several application oriented chapters. In addition, important contributions from the technical literature are included to provide a solid theoretical foundation. This book contains both introductory and advanced material about active and passive mixers that use bipolar transistor, FET, or diode switching devices. Theory and design details are presented for dozens of important mixer designs, with practical application information derived from the authors’ decades of experience.
Author: Malavika Raghuram Hegde
Publisher:
Published: 2017
Total Pages: 97
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn this project, a 5 GHz Radio Frequency (RF) to 500 MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) Single-Ended Down-Converter Mixer is designed. Its primary function is to down-convert high frequencies in the RF range to frequencies in the IF range. An RF frequency of 5 GHz is chosen as an input at the RF port of the mixer and a local oscillator (LO) generating signal at a frequency of 5.5 GHz is used in this project particularly. The two inputs are mixed and results in an IF frequency signal at the output port that consists of the sum and difference frequencies. A bandpass filter (BPF) is used at the output port of the mixer which allows the user to choose either the sum frequency or the difference frequency at the output. Since the difference frequency is used in this mixer, it is called a down-converter mixer. Since the frequency used by the LO is higher than the RF frequency used, it is a high-side injection mixer. In an ideal mixer, the output signal suffers losses since the amplitude of the output gets reduced to almost half the amplitude of the input signal and the power of the output signal is reduced to one fourth the power of the input signal. In the practical implementation of the mixer, the conversion loss may be way beyond 6 dB. This usually depends on the scaling parameters of the device. A Skyworks schottky diode SMS7621-061 is used in this project. A Wilkinson coupler is also used at the input of the mixer, since the coupler is able to realize a very high isolation between the ports while upholding all ports in their matched condition. A matching network for the mixer is also designed to ensure power transfer to the highest degree and also reduce signal reflections arising from load as much as possible. In this project, a conversion loss of 5.7 dB, dynamic factor of 23.6, power loss ratio of 50.25, additional loss of 0 dB was obtained.
Author: Mohammad Reza Sadeghifar
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Published: 2019-10-14
Total Pages: 112
ISBN-13: 9176850307
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe network latency in fifth generation mobile technology (5G) will be around one millisecond which is much lower than in 4G technology. This significantly faster response time together with higher information capacity and ultra-reliable communication in 5G technology will pave the way for future innovations in a smart and connected society. This new 5G network should be built on a reasonable wireless infrastructure and 5G radio base-stations that can be vastly deployed. That is, while the electrical specification of a radio base-station in 5G should be met in order to have the network functioning, the size, weight and power consumption of the radio system should be optimized to be able to commercially deploy these radios in a huge network. As the number of antenna elements increases in massive multiple-input multiple-output based radios such as in 5G, designing true multi-band base-station radios, with efficient physical size, power consumption and cost in emerging cellular bands especially in mid-bands (frequencies up to 10~GHz), is becoming a challenge. This demands a hard integration of radio components; particularly the radio's digital application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) with high-performance energy-efficient multi-band data converters. In this dissertation radio frequency digital-to-analog converter (RF DAC) and semi-digital finite-impulse response (FIR) filter digital-to-analog converter has been studied. Different techniques are used in these structures to improve the transmitter's overall performance. In the RF DAC part, a radio frequency digital-to-analog converter solution is presented, which is capable of monolithic integration into today's digital ASIC due to its digital-in-nature architecture, while fulfills the stringent requirements of cellular network radio base station linearity and bandwidth. A voltage-mode conversion method is used as output stage, and configurable mixing logic is employed in the data path to create a higher frequency lobe and utilize the output signal in the first or the second Nyquist zone and hence achieving output frequencies up to the sample rate. In the semi-digital FIR part, optimization problem formulation for semi-digital FIR digital-to-analog converter is investigated. Magnitude and energy metrics with variable coefficient precision are defined for cascaded digital Sigma-Delta modulators, semi-digital FIR filter, and Sinc roll-off frequency response of the DAC. A set of analog metrics as hardware cost is also defined to be included in semi-digital FIR DAC optimization problem formulation. It is shown that hardware cost of the semi-digital FIR DAC, can be reduced by introducing flexible coefficient precision in filter optimization while the semi-digital FIR DAC is not over-designed either. Different use cases are selected to demonstrate the optimization problem formulations. A combination of magnitude metric, energy metric, coefficient precision and analog metric are used in different use cases of the optimization problem formulation and solved to find out the optimum set of analog FIR taps. Moreover, a direct digital-to-RF converter (DRFC) is presented in this thesis where a semi-digital FIR topology utilizes voltage-mode RF DAC cells to synthesize spectrally clean signals at RF frequencies. Due to its digital-in-nature design, the DRFC benefits from technology scaling and can be monolithically integrated into advance digital VLSI systems. A fourth-order single-bit quantizer bandpass digital Sigma-Delta modulator is used preceding the DRFC, resulting in a high in-band signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The out-of-band spectrally-shaped quantization noise is attenuated by an embedded semi-digital FIR filter. The RF output frequencies are synthesized by a configurable voltage-mode RF DAC solution with a high linearity performance. A compensation technique to cancel the code-dependent supply current variation in voltage-mode RF DAC for radio frequency direct digital frequency synthesizer is also presented in this dissertation and is studied analytically. The voltage-mode RF DAC and the compensation technique are mathematically modeled and system-level simulation is performed to support the analytical discussion.
Author: Jon B. Hagen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2009-06-11
Total Pages: 453
ISBN-13: 052188974X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKCovering the fundamentals applying to all radio devices, this is a perfect introduction to the subject for students and professionals.
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 1964
Total Pages: 2180
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Stephen A. Maas
Publisher:
Published: 1986
Total Pages: 384
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKProvides an introduction to fundamental mixer types, as well as variations on the classical mixer designs. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.
Author: Aminghasem Safarian
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2007-12-28
Total Pages: 97
ISBN-13: 1402067224
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA comprehensive study of silicon-based distributed architectures in wideband circuits are presented in this book. Novel circuit architectures for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless technologies are described. The book begins with an introduction of several transceiver architectures for UWB. The discussion then focuses on RF front-end of the UWB radio. Therefore, the book will be of interest to RF circuit designers and students.
Author: W. Alan Davis
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Published: 2003-06-11
Total Pages: 345
ISBN-13: 0471463884
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA much-needed, up-to-date guide to the rapidly growing area of RF circuit design, this book walks readers through a whole range of new and improved techniques for the analysis and design of receiver and transmitter circuits, illustrating them through examples from modern-day communications systems. The application of MMIC to RF design is also discussed.