In FY 1990, Congress directed the Secretary of the Navy to commission a study by the National Academy of Sciences for the production of an integrated technology plan for the evolution of aircraft carriers in the first half of the twenty-first century. The House-Senate conferees emphasized "that the product of this study is to be a technology plan for the evolution of sea bases for the most efficient and economical accommodation of tactical air power in the first half of the twenty-first century". Based on this broad charter of evaluating sea bases, an examination of the floating ocean platform concept was included in the study. The floating ocean platform is a generic description of a large, relatively stationary or slowly mobile, platform that can be positioned in most areas of the ocean, and can serve a variety of purposes. The present report was the author's input to the study. It was based on technical analyses, literature reviews and surveys, and discussions/visits with the main groups and organizations involved in developing the floating ocean platform. All discussion material was unclassified, as are the contents of this report. All the external inputs and discussions, too numerous to mention, made this report possible, and are greatly appreciated. The first part of this report is the summary narrative that was submitted by the author to the Technology Group of the study. The second part is the viewgraphs that were presented to the Technology Group by the author on 12 February 1991. The third part is a selected bibliography of studies on the floating ocean platform over the past two decades, with over three thousand references identified.
B&w photographs depict the devastation wrought by the magnitude 6.9 Kobe earthquake: 6,300 deaths and the largest estimated direct economic losses observed from any earthquake ($200 billion). Ten articles assess the performance of, coping strategies, and recovery of quake-impacted essential faciliti
This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Technologies for Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development (ICSTEESD 2018). The chapters are broadly divided into three focus areas, viz. energy, environment, and sustainable development, and discusses the relevance and applications of smart technologies in these fields. A wide variety of topics such as renewable energy, energy conservation and management, energy policy and planning, environmental management, marine environment, green building, smart cities, smart transportation are covered in this book. Researchers and professionals from varied engineering backgrounds contribute chapters with an aim to provide economically viable solutions to sustainable development challenges. The book will prove useful for academics, professionals, and policy makers interested in sustainable development.
Food and raw material for its production was generally produced via the traditional agriculture. On the other hand, novel chemicals were manufactured in the laboratory or extracted from plant and animal sources. However, as the world population is steadily in creasing, there is a decrease in traditional agriculture productivity and concerns are also expressed over the damage inflicted to the environment and restrictions that might be en forced in food production. At the same time, there is an increasing demand for high qual ity agricultural products as well as for food ingredients related to both the traditional or newly discovered nutrients or phytochemicals. Trends and developments,~n the area of plant biotechnology and bioengineering has allowed manipulation of genes' !lnd/or insertion of new genes, thus production of trans genic plants. Starting from the introduction of agronomic traits, particularly stress resis tance to diverse environmental factors, process and sensory characteristics, food quality and production of novel varieties of plant-based products through genetic engineering, biotechnology is changing the,;agriculture and the concept of production of plant-ba~~d raw materials. Increasing attention is being paid on research for production of plants !pat can provide a wide array of food and non-food products. Perhaps the first non-food pro,d uct that plant biotechnology would achieve is production of large scale custom-designed industrial oils, but the list of chemicals is long, ranging" from oils and specific triacyl glycerols to biopolymers, enzymes, blood components, amo~g others.
Losses to hurricanes in the 1990s total more than those incurred in the 1970s and 1980s combined, even after adjusting for inflation. This has led many to mistakenly conclude that severe hurricanes are becoming more frequent. In fact, according to recent research, the past few decades have seen a decrease in the frequency of severe storms and 1991 to 1994 was the quietest in at least 50 years. It does mean, however, that the world today is more vulnerable to hurricane impacts than it has ever been, which represents a serious policy problem. This book defines and assesses the hurricane problem, focusing primarily on the United States, in order to lay a foundation for action. The concept of vulnerability is used to integrate the societal and physical aspects of hurricane impacts. The book is unique in that it seeks to address both the scientific and societal aspects of hurricanes. While it focuses on the United States, it is intended to illustrate weather related impacts assessment that could be applied in other areas, and for phenomena other than hurricanes. More broadly, this book seeks to illustrate the beneficial uses (as well as limitations) of hurricane science to society. Explicit consideration of the relationship between science and society is much needed in an era when scientific research is under public and political pressure to demonstrate a better connection with societal needs.