The Public Order Exception in International Trade, Investment, Human Rights and Commercial Disputes
The Public Order Exception in International Trade, Investment, Human Rights and Commercial Disputes

Author: Zena Prodromou

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 2020-08-12

Total Pages: 324

ISBN-13: 9403520019

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In the process of resolving disputes, it is not uncommon for parties to justify actions otherwise in breach of their obligations by invoking the need to protect some aspect of the elusive concept of public order. Until this thoroughly researched book, the criteria and factors against which international dispute bodies assess such claims have remained unclear. Now, by providing an in-depth comparative analysis of relevant jurisprudence under four distinct international dispute resolution systems – trade, investment, human rights and international commercial arbitration – the author of this invaluable book identifies common core benchmarks for the application of the public order exception. To achieve the broadest possible scope for her analysis, the author examines the public order exception’s function, role and application within the following international dispute resolution systems: relevant World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements as enforced by the organization’s Dispute Settlement Body and Appellate Body; international investment agreements as enforced by competent Arbitral Tribunals and Annulment Committees under the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes; provisions under the Inter-American Convention of Human Rights and the European Convention of Human Rights as enforced by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, respectively; and the New York Convention as enforced by national tribunals across the world. Controversies, tensions and pitfalls inherent in invoking the public order exception are elucidated, along with clear guidelines on how arguments may be crafted in order to enhance prospects of success. Throughout, tables and graphs systematize key aspects of the relevant jurisprudence under each of the dispute resolution systems analysed. As an immediate practical resource for lawyers on any side of a dispute who wish to invoke or strengthen a public order exception claim, the book’s systematic analysis will be welcomed by lawyers active in WTO disputes, international investment arbitration, human rights law or enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics and policymakers will find a signal contribution to the ongoing debate on the existence, legal basis, content and functions of the transnational public order.

WTO Litigation, Investment Arbitration, and Commercial Arbitration
WTO Litigation, Investment Arbitration, and Commercial Arbitration

Author: Jorge A. Huerta-Goldman

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 2013-07-01

Total Pages: 713

ISBN-13: 9041147012

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This book gathers contributions by twenty-five world-class practitioners, leading academics, adjudicators, and civil servants in the field of WTO litigation, investment arbitration, and commercial arbitration. It provides a practical cross-cutting analysis of the different dispute settlement mechanisms that exist in international trade and investment and offers valuable insights into how to use best practices among the three systems. The book addresses the critical areas of overlap that exist in the three disciplines, including: management of parallel proceedings and role of politics and ‘pressure points’ within host governments; selection and appointment of arbitrators, panels and Appellate Body members; use of experts and economics; search of the applicable law; interpretation of the national treatment principle and other substantive standards and legal tests; methods of redressing ‘moral damage’; regimes of review, appeals and annulment; enforcement systems of awards, implementation of WTO law and other legal remedies; and allocation of costs. In addition to being the first in-depth exploration of the interaction among WTO litigation, investment arbitration and international commercial arbitration, this book brings a singularly practical perspective to bear on the three dispute settlement mechanisms and how each can be used to best advantage.

The WTO and International Investment Law
The WTO and International Investment Law

Author: Jürgen Kurtz

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2018-04-12

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781108458252

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International law has historically regulated foreign trade and foreign investment differently. Distinct evolutionary pathways have led to variances in treaty form, institutional culture, and dispute settlement. With their inevitable erosion through the late twentieth to early twenty-first centuries, those weak boundaries have become porous and indefensible. Powerful economic, legal and sociological factors are now pushing the two systems together. In this book, Jürgen Kurtz systematically explores the often complex and little-understood dynamics of this convergence phenomenon. Kurtz addresses the growing connections between international trade and investment law, proposing a theoretically grounded and doctrinally tractable framework to understand the deepening relationship between them. The book also offers reform ideas and possibilities, providing treaty negotiators and other government officials with a set of theoretical insights and doctrinal models that can guide actors in building a justifiable and sustainable level of commonality between the two legal systems.

Regulatory Freedom and Indirect Expropriation in Investment Arbitration
Regulatory Freedom and Indirect Expropriation in Investment Arbitration

Author: Aniruddha Rajput

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 2018-12-20

Total Pages: 283

ISBN-13: 9403506253

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Many investment arbitration cases involve a challenge to a regulatory measure of a host state on the basis of indirect expropriation. The practice of arbitral tribunals is diverse and unsettled. In recent years States have been trying to clarify the relationship between regulatory freedom (also known as 'police powers') and indirect expropriation by revising provisions on indirect expropriation in their investment treaties. This book provides the first focused analysis of indirect expropriation and regulatory freedom, drawing on a broad range of the jurisprudence of investment tribunals. The nature of regulatory freedom in international law has been explained on the bases of jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), dispute resolution bodies of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), European Court of Human Rights. While showing how cases involving standoff between regulatory freedom and indirect expropriation can be resolved in practice, the book goes on to present a conceptual framework for interpreting the nuances of this relationship. The book provides a detailed responses to the following complex questions: • To what extent do states retain regulatory freedom after entering into investment treaties? • What is the scope of regulatory freedom in general public international law? • What are the elements of regulatory freedom and standard of review? • How to draw a dividing line between regulatory freedom and indirect expropriation? • Whether the sole effects doctrine or the police powers is the appropriate method for distinguishing between regulatory freedom and indirect expropriation? While addressing these questions, the author analyses different theoretical approaches that reflect upon the relationship between regulatory freedom and indirect expropriation and how far they assist in understanding these potentially overlapping concepts; their relationship with each other; and the method for distinguishing between them. Given the dense network of around three thousand bilateral investment treaties (BITs) that impose an obligation to protect foreign investments in a State, this book will help practitioners identify, through analysis of cases from diverse fields, how a situation may be categorized either as regulatory freedom or as indirect expropriation. The analysis will also be of value to government officials and lawyers involved in negotiating and re-negotiating investment treaties, and to arbitrators who have to decide these issues. Scholars will welcome the book's keen insight into the contentious relationship between a customary international law norm and a treaty norm.

Adjudicating Trade and Investment Disputes
Adjudicating Trade and Investment Disputes

Author: Szilárd Gáspár-Szilágyi

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2020-07-02

Total Pages: 341

ISBN-13: 1108487408

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A multi-disciplinary, multi-author analysis of convergence and divergence between trade and international dispute settlement.

International Investment Law and Arbitration
International Investment Law and Arbitration

Author: C. L. Lim

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2021-03-11

Total Pages: 687

ISBN-13: 1108842992

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A new edition connecting extracts from arbitral decisions, treaties and scholarly works with concise, up-to-date and reliable commentary.

WTO Litigation, Investment Arbitration, and Commercial Arbitration
WTO Litigation, Investment Arbitration, and Commercial Arbitration

Author: Jorge A.. Huerta-Goldman

Publisher:

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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International investment arbitration, commercial arbitration, and WTO litigation are no longer separate and isolated disciplines. Increasingly, the same international trade dispute or set of potentially unlawful measures taken by a State are subject to overlapping substantive rules and standards contained in a WTO treaty, an investment treaty, or a commercial or investment agreement, each covering a different aspect and each providing for different jurisdictions, procedural avenues, substantive standards and remedies. There exists, however, a wide range of 'cross-cutting' issues and points of 'cross-fertilization' between international commercial arbitration, investment arbitration and WTO litigation, which users of these regimes should be aware of. This book deals with the overlap of the three regimes and discusses the resulting advantages and pitfalls. This book gathers contributions by twenty-five world-class practitioners, leading academics, adjudicators, and civil servants in the field of WTO litigation, investment arbitration, and commercial arbitration. It provides a practical cross-cutting analysis of the different dispute settlement mechanisms that exist in international trade and investment and offers valuable insights into how to use best practices among the three systems. The book addresses the critical areas of overlap that exist in the three disciplines, including: management of parallel proceedings and role of politics and 'pressure points' within host governments ; selection and appointment of arbitrators, panels and Appellate Body members ; use of experts and economics ; search of the applicable law; interpretation of the national treatment principle and other substantive standards and legal tests; methods of redressing 'moral damage'; regimes of review, appeals and annulment; enfoncement systems of awards, implementation of WTO Law and other legal remedies; and allocation of costs. In addition to being the first in-depth exploration of the interaction among WTO litigation, investment arbitration and international commercial arbitration, this book brings a singularly practical perspective to bear on the three dispute settlement mechanisms and how each can be used to best advantage.