What should I wear? What should I wear? What's the weather like out there? I look outside my window and see An autumn breeze blows through the trees. In this rhythmic read-aloud, preschoolers follow the seasons of the year and find out what to wear for different types of weather. ¿Qué ropa me pondré hoy? ¿Hay frío o hace calor? Miro por la ventana y veo Que una brisa de otoño los árboles agita. En esta historia rítmica, ideal para leer en voz alta, los niños en edad preescolar recorren las estaciones del año y averiguan qué usar en cada tipo de clima.
If yesterday was Sunday and today's a brand-new day, What day is it, what day is it? Today is finally Monday. In this lilting read-aloud story, preschoolers will learn the days of the week—and the seasons of the year—as they ride along for a delightful week at the beach. Si ayer fue domingo, y hoy ya amaneció, ¿Qué día es hoy, qué día es hoy? ¡El lunes llegó! Esta historia rítmica les enseña a los niños en edad preescolar los días de la semana y las estaciones del año, mientras acompañan a la protagonista durante una deliciosa semana en la playa.
(abridged and revised) This reference grammar offers intermediate and advanced students a reason ably comprehensive guide to the morphology and syntax of educated speech and plain prose in Spain and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century. Spanish is the main, usually the sole official language of twenty-one countries,} and it is set fair to overtake English by the year 2000 in numbers 2 of native speakers. This vast geographical and political diversity ensures that Spanish is a good deal less unified than French, German or even English, the latter more or less internationally standardized according to either American or British norms. Until the 1960s, the criteria of internationally correct Spanish were dictated by the Real Academia Espanola, but the prestige of this institution has now sunk so low that its most solemn decrees are hardly taken seriously - witness the fate of the spelling reforms listed in the Nuevas normas de prosodia y ortograjia, which were supposed to come into force in all Spanish-speaking countries in 1959 and, nearly forty years later, are still selectively ignored by publishers and literate persons everywhere. The fact is that in Spanish 'correctness' is nowadays decided, as it is in all living languages, by the consensus of native speakers; but consensus about linguistic usage is obviously difficult to achieve between more than twenty independent, widely scattered and sometimes mutually hostile countries. Peninsular Spanish is itself in flux.
Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide is an innovative reference guide to Spanish, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume.The Grammar is divided into two parts. The shorter section covers traditional grammatical categories such as word order, nouns, verbs and adjectives. The larger section is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: giving and seeking information putting actions into context * expressing likes, dislikes and preferences comparing objects and actions.All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated and information is provided on register and relevant cultural background. Written by experienced teachers and academics, the Grammar has a strong emphasis on contemporary usage. Particular attention is paid to indexing and cross-referencing across the two sections. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Spanish at all levels, from elementary to advanced. It will prove invaluable to those with little experience of formal grammar, as no prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of terms is provided. The book will also be useful to teachers seeking back-up to functional syllabuses, and to designers of Spanish courses.
It's time for a new approach to learning Spanish verbs. Unlike popular verb guides that require the rote memorization of hundreds of verb forms, this book clearly explains the rules that govern the conjugation of all classes of Spanish verbs—especially the irregular ones that give second-language learners the most trouble. These simple, easy-to-understand rules for conjugating Spanish verbs are effective learning tools for both beginning students and more advanced speakers who want to perfect their usage of Spanish verb forms. Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) has many helpful features that you won't find in any other verb guide: Clear explanations of all verb tenses and forms. The simple rules that govern the conjugation of all verbs—including the 90% of irregular verbs whose irregularities are entirely predictable. A detailed discussion of how each verb form is used, with numerous examples. A full explanation of the distinction between ser and estar—the single most confusing element in the Spanish verbal system. An extended treatment of the subjunctive that will help you understand why it is used in some situations but not others. Conjugations for 35 model Spanish verbs and a comprehensive listing of 4,800 verbs that indicates which of the models each verb follows. Going well beyond any other guide in the clarity and detail of its explanations—as well as the innovative manner in which individual verbs are linked to model conjugations—Spanish Verbs Made Simple(r) is the only guide to Spanish verbs a learner needs.
Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook is an innovative book of exercises and language tasks for all learners of European or Latin American Spanish. The book is divided into two sections: * Section 1 provides exercises based on essential grammatical structures * Section 2 practises everyday functions such as making introductions and expressing needs A comprehensive answer key at the back of the book enables you to check on your progress. Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook is ideal for all learners of European or Latin American Spanish including undergraduates taking Spanish as a major or minor part of their studies, as well as intermediate and advanced students in schools and adult education. It can be used independently or alongside Modern Spanish Grammar, also published by Routledge.
Solve the mysteries of Spanish irregular verbs Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Irregular Verbs Up Close puts the spotlight on this tricky grammar trouble spot. It boasts plenty of opportunities for practicing your language skills, as well as extensive examples based on a conversational style that will keep you engaged. The book also features a unique answer key that gives you more than just a listing of correct answers; it clues you in on the "why" behind them. This book includes: Hundreds of exercises for practice, practice, practice A helpful answer key that provides detailed explanatory material for all answers Includes a special TurboVerb (TM) chart, developed by the author, that sorts out your difficulties with irregular verbs--tense by tense Topics include: Overview of the Spanish Verb System, The Four Microsystems of the Spanish Verb System, Present System I: Present Indicative, Present System II: Present Subjunctive, Present System III: Imperatives, Infinitive System I: Imperfect Indicative, Infinitive System II: Future, Infinitive System III: Conditional, Preterite System I: Preterite Indicative, Preterite System II: Imperfect Subjunctive, Participial System I: Gerund for Progressives, Participial System II: Past Participle for All Seven Perfect Tenses, Participial System III: Past Participle for the Passive Voice and as Adjective
The Religious Polemics of the Muslims of Late Medieval Christian Iberia examines the corpus of polemical literature against the Christians and the Jews of the protected Muslims (Mudejars). Commonly portrayed as communities in cultural and religious decay, Mònica Colominas convincingly proves that the discourses against the Christians and the Jews in Mudejar treatises provided authoritative frameworks of Islamic normativity which helped to legitimize the residence of their communities in the Christian territories. Colominas argues that, while the primary aim of the polemics was to refute the views of their religious opponents, Mudejar treatises were also a tool used to advance Islamic knowledge and to strengthen the government and social cohesion of their communities.
