Very Slow Flows of Solids

Very Slow Flows of Solids

Author: L.A. Lliboutry

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 518

ISBN-13: 9400935633

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This book is written primarily for Earth scientists faced with problems in thermo mechanics such as the flow and evolution of ice-sheets, convection currents in the mantle, isostatic rebound, folding of strata or collapse of cavities in salt domes. Failure, faults, seismic waves and all processes involving inertial terms will not be dealt with. In general such scientists (graduate students beginning a Ph. D. for instance) have too small a background'in continuum mechanics and in numerical computation to model conveniently these problems, which are not elementary at all. Most of them are not linear, and therefore seldom dealt with in treatises. If the study of reality were clearly cut into two successive steps: first to make a physical model, setting up a well-posed problem in thermo-mechanics, and second to solve it, the obvious solution would be to find a specialist in computational mechanics who could spend enough time on a problem which, although maybe crucial for on-going fundamental research, has little practical interest in general, and cannot be considered properly as a noteworthy progress in Mechanics. But this is not the way Science develops. There is a continuous dialectic between the building up of a model and its mathematical treatment. The model should be simple enough to be tractable, but not oversimplified. Its sensitivity to the different components it is made of should be investigated, and more thought is needed when the results contradict hard facts.


Critical Regimes of Two-Phase Flows with a Polydisperse Solid Phase

Critical Regimes of Two-Phase Flows with a Polydisperse Solid Phase

Author: Eugene Barsky

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-04-15

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 9048188385

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Critical regimes of two-phase flows with a polydisperse solid phase form the basis of such widespread industrial processes as separation of various powdery materials and minerals dressing. It is impossible to describe such complicated flows analytically. Therefore, this study concentrates on invariants experimentally revealed and theoretically grounded for such flows. This approach can be compared with the situation in gases, where in order to determine principal parameters of their state, one does not need to measure the kinetic energy and velocity of each molecule and find its contribution to the temperature and pressure. These parameters are determined in a simple way for the system on the whole. A novel conception of two-phase flows allowing the formulation of their statistical parameters is physically substantiated. On the basis of the invariants and these parameters, a comprehensive method of estimating and predicting mass transfer in such flows is developed. It is noteworthy that the presented results are mostly phenomenological. Such an approach can be successfully extended to the separation of liquids, gases and isotopes. The book is intended for students and specialists engaged in chemical technology, mineral dressing, ceramics, microelectronics, pharmacology, power generation, thermal engineering and other fields in which flows carrying solid particles are used in the technological process.


Bulk Solids Handling

Bulk Solids Handling

Author: C.R. Woodcock

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 534

ISBN-13: 9400926359

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An understanding ofthe properties and the handling characteristics of liquids and gases has long been regarded as an essential requirement for most practising engineers. It is therefore not surprising that, over the years, there has been a regular appearance of books dealing with the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, fluid flow, hydraulics and related topics. What is surprising is that there has been no parallel development of the related discipline of Bulk Solids Handling, despite its increasing importance in modern industry across the world. It is only very recently that a structured approach to the teaching, and learning, of the subject has begun to evolve. A reason for the slow emergence of Bulk Solids Handling as an accepted topic of study in academic courses on mechanical, agricultural, chemical, mining and civil engineering is perhaps that the practice is so often taken for granted. Certainly the variety of materials being handled in bulk is almost endless, ranging in size from fine dust to rocks, in value from refuse to gold, and in temperature from deep-frozen peas to near-molten metal.


Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation

Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation

Author: I. Twardowska

Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing

Published: 2004-04-22

Total Pages: 1161

ISBN-13: 008054147X

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This book covers a broad group of wastes, from biowaste to hazardous waste, but primarily the largest (by mass and volume) group of wastes that are not hazardous, but also are not inert, and are problematic for three major reasons: (1) they are difficult to manage because of their volume: usually they are used in civil engineering as a common fill etc., where they are exposed to environmental conditions almost the same way as at disposal sites; (2) they are not geochemically stable and in the different periods of environmental exposure undergo transformations that might add hazardous properties to the material that are not displayed when it is freshly generated; (3) many designers and researchers in different countries involved in waste management are often not aware of time-delayed adverse environmental impact of some large-volume waste, and also do not consider some positive properties that may extend the area of their environmentally beneficial application.


Light Metals 2015

Light Metals 2015

Author: Margaret Hyland

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2015-02-18

Total Pages: 1303

ISBN-13: 1119093449

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The 2015 collection will include papers from the following symposia: Alumina and Bauxite Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications Aluminum Processing Aluminum Reduction Technology Cast Shop for Aluminum Production Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production Strip Casting of Light Metals


Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow

Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow

Author: Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1996-09-10

Total Pages: 568

ISBN-13: 0309563488

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Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fractures--a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storage--has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.


Linker Strategies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis

Linker Strategies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis

Author: Peter Scott

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-10-13

Total Pages: 706

ISBN-13: 9780470749050

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Linker design is an expanding field with an exciting future in state-of-the-art organic synthesis. Ever-increasing numbers of ambitious solution phase reactions are being adapted for solid-phase organic chemistry and to accommodate them, large numbers of sophisticated linker units have been developed and are now routinely employed in solid-phase synthesis. Linker Strategies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis guides the reader through the evolution of linker units from their genesis in solid-supported peptide chemistry to the cutting edge diversity linker units that are defining a new era of solid phase synthesis. Individual linker classes are covered in easy to follow chapters written by international experts in their respective fields and offer a comprehensive guide to linker technology whilst simultaneously serving as a handbook of synthetic transformations now possible on solid supports. Topics include: the principles of solid phase organic synthesis electrophile and nucleophile cleavable linker units cyclative cleavage as a solid phase strategy photocleavable linker units safety-catch linker units enzyme cleavable linker units T1 and T2 –versatile triazene linker groups hydrazone linker units benzotriazole linker units phosphorus linker units sulfur linker units selenium and tellurium linker units sulfur, oxygen and selenium linker units cleaved by radical processes silicon and germanium linker units boron and stannane linker units bismuth linker units transition metal carbonyl linker units linkers releasing olefins or cycloolefins by ring-closing metathesis fluorous linker units solid-phase radiochemistry The book concludes with extensive linker selection tables, cataloguing the linker units described in this book according to the substrate liberated upon cleavage and conditions used to achieve such cleavage, enabling readers to choose the right linker unit for their synthesis. Linker Strategies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis is an essential guide to the diversity of linker units for organic chemists in academia and industry working in the broad areas of solid-phase organic synthesis and diversity oriented synthesis, medicinal chemists in the pharmaceutical industry who routinely employ solid-phase chemistry in the drug discovery business, and advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and organic chemists with an interest in leading-edge developments in their field.


Basic Techniques of Preparative Organic Chemistry

Basic Techniques of Preparative Organic Chemistry

Author: William Sabel

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-09-03

Total Pages: 207

ISBN-13: 1483213773

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Basic Techniques of Preparative Organic Chemistry covers a detailed guide for carrying out the procedures commonly needed in preparative organic chemistry. The book discusses the nature of organic reactions; the basic principles of preparative organic chemistry; unit operations; and good laboratory practice. The text then provides a review of apparatus and equipment and describes the potential hazards involved in a chemical operation, such as toxicity, bodily injuries, smoking, fire, explosion, and implosion. Techniques and unit operations for carrying out a reaction and for isolating and purifying a reaction product; and the criteria for and methods of assessing purity are also considered. The book further tackles packing and storing products and samples and making reports and communications. Students taking organic chemistry courses will find the text useful.


Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations

Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations

Author: Abdullah Hussein

Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing

Published: 2022-10-19

Total Pages: 1124

ISBN-13: 0323995918

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Flow assurance solids deposition is one of the main challenges in oil and gas production operations with millions of dollars spent annually on their mitigation. Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations works as an all-inclusive reference for engineers and researchers, covering all the different types of solids that are commonly encountered in oil and gas fields. Structured to flow through real-world operations, the reference branches through each solid deposit problem where the root causes are as well as modeling, monitoring, characterization, and management strategies, all comprehensively reviewed in the light of contemporary research breakthroughs. Backed by several field case studies, Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations gives petroleum and reservoir engineers a resource to correlate between the theoretical fundamentals and field practical applications allowing for sustainable and optimal operations. - Provides the main operations of oil and gas fields, the characteristics of produced fluids, and the main flow assurance challenges - Furnishes the basic principles of deposits formation and mitigation, starting with a full investigation of the problems, then mechanisms, causes, predictions, modelling, and sample analysis, followed by management - Distinctively discusses the operational and environmental implications of flow assurance solids and their management using chemical and nonchemical methods - Teaches engineers through impactful visuals and data sets included in every chapter