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Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 1998-10-09
Total Pages: 163
ISBN-13: 9264163492
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis study offers a comparative evaluation of the main features of the VAT systems between the ten countries of Central and Eastern Europue and provides a commentary on the development of the VAT systems in line with the VAT legislation of the EU.
Author: Sijbren Cnossen
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 1991-07-01
Total Pages: 49
ISBN-13: 1451960638
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn the course of introducing a market-oriented tax system, most Central and Eastern European countries are actively considering the merits of a value-added tax (VAT). This paper examines a wide range of social, economic, structural, and administrative issues that are pertinent to the introduction of a VAT. These issues have regard to the burden distribution of the VAT, its effect on the price level and economic growth, as well as the coverage of the tax, the definition of the base, and the choice of the rate structure. Various legal and administrative aspects are also reviewed. The paper draws on the experience with value-added taxation of the member states of the European Community (EC) and other countries that belong to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Author: OECD
Publisher: Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
Published: 2017
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13: 9789264272040
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper set forth internationally agreed principles and standards for the value added tax (VAT) treatment of the most common types of international transactions, with a particular focus on trade in services and intangibles. Its aim is to minimise inconsistencies in the application of VAT in a cross-border context with a view to reducing uncertainty and risks of double taxation and unintended non-taxation in international trade. It also includes the recommended principles and mechanisms to address the challenges for the collection of VAT on crossborder sales of digital products that had been identified in the context of the OECD/G20 Project on Base and Erosion and Profit Shifting (the BEPS Project).
Author: Centre for Co-operation with Non-members
Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Published: 1998
Total Pages: 176
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis is the first study of the Value-Added Tax (VAT) systems of the ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe preparing for integration into the European Union (EU).
Author: Mr.Ruben Atoyan
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2016-07-20
Total Pages: 48
ISBN-13: 1498367453
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper analyses the impact of large and persistent emigration from Eastern European countries over the past 25 years on these countries’ growth and income convergence to advanced Europe. While emigration has likely benefited migrants themselves, the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, its impact on sending countries’ economies has been largely negative. The analysis suggests that labor outflows, particularly of skilled workers, lowered productivity growth, pushed up wages, and slowed growth and income convergence. At the same time, while remittance inflows supported financial deepening, consumption and investment in some countries, they also reduced incentives to work and led to exchange rate appreciations, eroding competiveness. The departure of the young also added to the fiscal pressures of already aging populations in Eastern Europe. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for sending countries to mitigate the negative impact of emigration on their economies, and the EU-wide initiatives that could support these efforts.
Author: Mario Pessoa
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2021-05-10
Total Pages: 29
ISBN-13: 1513577042
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe value-added tax (VAT) has the potential to generate significant government revenue. Despite its intrinsic self-enforcement capacity, many tax administrations find it challenging to refund excess input credits, which is critical to a well-functioning VAT system. Improperly functioning VAT refund practices can have profound implications for fiscal policy and management, including inaccurate deficit measurement, spending overruns, poor budget credibility, impaired treasury operations, and arrears accumulation.This note addresses the following issues: (1) What are VAT refunds and why should they be managed properly? (2) What practices should be put in place (in tax policy, tax administration, budget and treasury management, debt, and fiscal statistics) to help manage key aspects of VAT refunds? For a refund mechanism to be credible, the tax administration must ensure that it is equipped with the strategies, processes, and abilities needed to identify VAT refund fraud. It must also be prepared to act quickly to combat such fraud/schemes.
Author: Mr.Liam P. Ebrill
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2001-11-05
Total Pages: 242
ISBN-13: 1589060261
DOWNLOAD EBOOKValue-added tax, or VAT, first introduced less than 50 years ago, is now a pivotal component of tax systems around the world. The rapid and seemingly irresistible rise of the VAT is probably the most important tax development of the latter twentieth century, and certainly the most breathtaking. Written by a team of experts from the IMF, this book examines the remarkable spread and current reach of the innovative tax and draws lessons about the design and implementation of the VAT, as experienced by different countries around the world. How efficient is it as a tax, is it fair, and is it suitable for all countries? These are among the questions raised. This highly informative and well-researched book also looks at the likely future of the tax.
Author: James M. Bickley
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Published: 2003
Total Pages: 158
ISBN-13: 9781590335925
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe feasibility of levying a value-added tax (VAT) to reduce large forecast budget deficits seems to never go away. A VAT is imposed at all levels of production on the differences between firms' sales and their purchases from all other firms. A VAT is assumed to be fully shifted forward to consumers; hence, a VAT is a type of general consumption tax. The United States, does not have a broad-based, national level consumption tax and in general, relies less on consumption taxes. This book examines the concepts, issues and experiences of the value-added tax in other countries.
Author: Kathryn James
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2015-04-30
Total Pages: 495
ISBN-13: 1316240150
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book explores one of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems by asking how, within less than half a century, the value-added tax (VAT) has risen from relative obscurity to become one of the world's most dominant revenue instruments. Despite its significance, very little is known about why so many countries have adopted the VAT and, in particular, why different countries adopt the types of VAT that they do. The popular mythology provides that the merits of the VAT have underpinned its global spread; however, this book contends that much scholarship confuses the question of why the VAT has risen to dominance with the issue of what makes a good VAT. This book combines policy and legal analysis to propose a new way of understanding the rise of this important revenue instrument so as to better reflect the realities of the VATs that are actually implemented.
Author: Mr.Michael Keen
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2013-05-16
Total Pages: 28
ISBN-13: 1484307518
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper sets out some tools for understanding the performance of the value added tax (VAT). Applying a decomposition of VAT revenues (as a share of GDP) to the universe of VATs over the last twenty years, it emerges that developments have been driven much less by changes in standard rates than by changes in ‘C-efficiency’ (an indicator of the departure of the VAT from a perfectly enforced tax levied at a uniform rate on all consumption). Decomposing C-efficiency into a ‘policy gap’ (in turn divided into effects of rate differentiation and exemption) and a ‘compliance’ gap (reflecting imperfect implementation), results pieced together for EU members suggest that the former are in almost all cases far larger than the latter, with rate differentiation and exemptions playing roles that differ quite widely across countries.
