The Ethics of Vaccination
The Ethics of Vaccination

Author: Alberto Giubilini

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-12-28

Total Pages: 137

ISBN-13: 3030020681

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book will appeal to philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination.

Vaccination Ethics and Policy
Vaccination Ethics and Policy

Author: Jason L. Schwartz

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2021-08-24

Total Pages: 457

ISBN-13: 0262544121

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

A comprehensive overview of important and contested issues in vaccination ethics and policy by experts from history, science, policy, law, and ethics. Vaccination has long been a familiar, highly effective form of medicine and a triumph of public health. Because vaccination is both an individual medical intervention and a central component of public health efforts, it raises a distinct set of legal and ethical issues—from debates over their risks and benefits to the use of government vaccination requirements—and makes vaccine policymaking uniquely challenging. This volume examines the full range of ethical and policy issues related to the development and use of vaccines in the United States and around the world. Forty essays, articles, and reports by experts in the field look at all aspects of the vaccine life cycle. After an overview of vaccine history, they consider research and development, regulation and safety, vaccination promotion and requirements, pandemics and bioterrorism, and the frontier of vaccination. The texts cover such topics as vaccine safety controversies; the ethics of vaccine trials; vaccine injury compensation; vaccine refusal and the risks of vaccine-preventable diseases; equitable access to vaccines in emergencies; lessons from the eradication of smallpox; and possible future vaccines against cancer, malaria, and Ebola. The volume intentionally includes texts that take opposing viewpoints, offering readers a range of arguments. The book will be an essential reference for professionals, scholars, and students. Contributors Jeffrey P. Baker, Seth Berkley, Luciana Borio, Arthur L. Caplan, R. Alta Charo, Dave A. Chokshi, James Colgrove, Katherine M. Cook, Louis Z. Cooper, Edward Cox, Douglas S. Diekema, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Claudia I. Emerson, Geoffrey Evans, Ruth R. Faden, Chris Feudtner, David P. Fidler, Fiona Godlee, D. A. Henderson, Alan R. Hinman, Peter Hotez, Robert M. Jacobson, Aaron S. Kesselheim, Heidi J. Larson, Robert J. Levine, Donald W. Light, Adel Mahmoud, Edgar K. Marcuse, Howard Markel, Michelle M. Mello, Paul A. Offit, Saad B. Omer, Walter A. Orenstein, Gregory A. Poland, Lance E. Rodewald, Daniel A. Salmon, Anne Schuchat, Jason L. Schwartz, Peter A. Singer, Michael Specter, Alexandra Minna Stern, Jeremy Sugarman, Thomas R. Talbot, Robert Temple, Stephen P. Teret, Alan Wertheimer, Tadataka Yamada

Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options
Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2002-11-28

Total Pages: 57

ISBN-13: 0309086043

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

At the World Health Assembly in May 1980, the World Health Organization declared the world free of smallpox. Smallpox vaccination of civilians is now indicated only for laboratory workers directly involved with smallpox or closely related orthopox viruses. However recent questions raised by the terrorist attacks in fall 2001 have renewed concerns about possible outbreaks of smallpox resulting from its use as a biological weapon. In June 2002, the Institute of Medicine convened a public conference to discuss the scientific, clinical, procedural, and administrative aspects of various immunization strategies. Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop.

Values and Vaccine Refusal
Values and Vaccine Refusal

Author: Mark Navin

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2015-09-16

Total Pages: 250

ISBN-13: 131765319X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Parents in the US and other societies are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, even though popular anti-vaccine myths – e.g. ‘vaccines cause autism’ – have been debunked. This book explains the epistemic and moral failures that lead some parents to refuse to vaccinate their children. First, some parents have good reasons not to defer to the expertise of physicians, and to rely instead upon their own judgments about how to care for their children. Unfortunately, epistemic self-reliance systematically distorts beliefs in areas of inquiry in which expertise is required (like vaccine immunology). Second, vaccine refusers and mainstream medical authorities are often committed to different values surrounding health and safety. For example, while vaccine advocates stress that vaccines have low rates of serious complications, vaccine refusers often resist vaccination because it is ‘unnatural’ and because they view vaccine-preventable diseases as a ‘natural’ part of childhood. Finally, parents who refuse vaccines rightly resist the utilitarian moral arguments – ‘for the greater good’ – that vaccine advocates sometimes make. Unfortunately, vaccine refusers also sometimes embrace a pernicious hyper-individualism that sanctions free-riding on herd immunity and that cultivates indifference to the interpersonal and social harms that unvaccinated persons may cause.

Public Health Ethics
Public Health Ethics

Author: Angus Dawson

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2011-06-16

Total Pages: 300

ISBN-13: 113964386X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Public health ethics is a discipline concerned with the health of the public or a population as a whole, rather than focusing on the individual. This book introduces a number of this new field's central concepts and explores the key and controversial issues arising. Topics covered include the nature of public health ethics, the concepts of disease and prevention, risk and precaution, health inequalities and justice, screening, vaccination and disease control, smoking and issues relating to the environment and public health. With insightful contributions from leading experts, Public Health Ethics presents thought-provoking reviews of these topics, at the same time as encouraging and identifying areas for future discussion in this emerging discipline. This is a valuable addition to the library of anyone working in the fields of public health, health policy, ethics, philosophy and social science.

Pediatric Ethics: Theory and Practice
Pediatric Ethics: Theory and Practice

Author: Nico Nortjé

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2022-12-03

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9783030861841

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This book assists health care providers to understand the specific interplay of the roles and relationships currently forming the debates in pediatric clinical ethics. It builds on the fact that, unlike adult medical ethics, pediatric ethics begins within an acutely and powerfully experienced dynamic of patient-family-state-physician relationship. The book provides a unique perspective as it interacts with established approaches as well as recent developments in pediatric ethics theory, and then explores these developments further through cases. The book first focuses on setting the stage by introducing a theoretical framework and elaborating how pediatric ethics differ from non-pediatric ethics. It approaches different theoretical frameworks in a critical manner drawing on their strengths and weaknesses. It helps the reader in developing an ability to engage in ethical reasoning and moral deliberation in order to focus on the wellbeing of the child as the main participant in the ethical deliberation, as well as to be able to identify the child’s moral claims. The second section of the book focuses on the practical application of these theoretical frameworks and discusses specific areas pertaining to decision-making. These are: the critically ill child, new and enduring ethical controversies, and social justice at large, the latter of which includes looking at the child’s place in society, access to healthcare, social determinants of health, and vaccinations. With the dynamic changes and challenges pediatric care faces across the globe, as well as the changing face of new technologies, no professional working in the field of pediatrics can afford not to take due note of this resource.

Ethics in Public Health and Health Policy
Ethics in Public Health and Health Policy

Author: Daniel Strech

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-05-15

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13: 9400763743

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Ethical issues associated with public health and health policy--related, for example, to pandemic plans and vaccination policies (c.f. SARS or pandemic influenza), preventive measures like screening (e.g. for breast cancer or dementia) or health information campaigns, social inequalities or health care rationing--are increasing in worldwide importance. Evidence-based information for valid benefit-harm assessment is often rare and hard to get for participants in public health interventions. Program implementation often disregards requirements of fair decision-making processes (like public participation, transparency, etc.). Originating from an international conference (based on a call for abstracts and external review), this volume contains contributions from a group of experts from multiple disciplines and countries. It covers (i) conceptual foundations of public health ethics, (ii) methodological approaches and (iii) normative analyses of specific issues and cases. Bridging theoretical foundations with practical applications, this volume provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners and students concerned with public health practice and policy.

Vaccination in America
Vaccination in America

Author: Richard J. Altenbaugh

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-08-02

Total Pages: 349

ISBN-13: 331996349X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The success of the polio vaccine was a remarkable breakthrough for medical science, effectively eradicating a dreaded childhood disease. It was also the largest medical experiment to use American schoolchildren. Richard J. Altenbaugh examines an uneasy conundrum in the history of vaccination: even as vaccines greatly mitigate the harm that infectious disease causes children, the process of developing these vaccines put children at great risk as research subjects. In the first half of the twentieth century, in the face of widespread resistance to vaccines, public health officials gradually medicalized American culture through mass media, public health campaigns, and the public education system. Schools supplied tens of thousands of young human subjects to researchers, school buildings became the main dispensaries of the polio antigen, and the mass immunization campaign that followed changed American public health policy in profound ways. Tapping links between bioethics, education, public health, and medical research, this book raises fundamental questions about child welfare and the tension between private and public responsibility that still fuel anxieties around vaccination today.

The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics
The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics

Author: Anna C. Mastroianni

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2019-07-23

Total Pages: 939

ISBN-13: 0190245212

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Natural disasters and cholera outbreaks. Ebola, SARS, and concerns over pandemic flu. HIV and AIDS. E. coli outbreaks from contaminated produce and fast foods. Threats of bioterrorism. Contamination of compounded drugs. Vaccination refusals and outbreaks of preventable diseases. These are just some of the headlines from the last 30-plus years highlighting the essential roles and responsibilities of public health, all of which come with ethical issues and the responsibilities they create. Public health has achieved extraordinary successes. And yet these successes also bring with them ethical tension. Not all public health successes are equally distributed in the population; extraordinary health disparities between rich and poor still exist. The most successful public health programs sometimes rely on policies that, while improving public health conditions, also limit individual rights. Public health practitioners and policymakers face these and other questions of ethics routinely in their work, and they must navigate their sometimes competing responsibilities to the health of the public with other important societal values such as privacy, autonomy, and prevailing cultural norms. This Oxford Handbook provides a sweeping and comprehensive review of the current state of public health ethics, addressing these and numerous other questions. Taking account of the wide range of topics under the umbrella of public health and the ethical issues raised by them, this volume is organized into fifteen sections. It begins with two sections that discuss the conceptual foundations, ethical tensions, and ethical frameworks of and for public health and how public health does its work. The thirteen sections that follow examine the application of public health ethics considerations and approaches across a broad range of public health topics. While chapters are organized into topical sections, each chapter is designed to serve as a standalone contribution. The book includes 73 chapters covering many topics from varying perspectives, a recognition of the diversity of the issues that define public health ethics in the U.S. and globally. This Handbook is an authoritative and indispensable guide to the state of public health ethics today.

Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health
Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health

Author: Angus Dawson

Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand

Published: 2007-01-18

Total Pages: 247

ISBN-13: 0199290695

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

In this volume a range of issues in public health ethics are explored using the resources of theory, political philosophy, philosophy of science, applied ethics, law and economics. [Ed.]