Utilization of Waste-Derived Fuels in the Carbonate Looping Process: Experimental Demonstration and Techno-Economic Assessment
Utilization of Waste-Derived Fuels in the Carbonate Looping Process: Experimental Demonstration and Techno-Economic Assessment

Author: Martin Haaf

Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag

Published: 2020-07-07

Total Pages: 188

ISBN-13: 3736962290

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The economic and environmental threat of climate change due to the anthropogenic rise of the CO2 concentration in the earth’s atmosphere is widely accepted. In addition to the utilization of renewable energy sources, the application of carbon capture and storage processes in energyintense industries seems to be unavoidable. This thesis evaluates the utilization of waste-derived fuels in the calcium looping CO2 capture process. The feasibility of continuous CO2 separation by means of a waste-derived fuel fired calciner was successfully demonstrated by experimental investigations in a 1 MWth pilot plant. In these investigations, the boundary conditions were adapted to an application in Waste-to-Energy plants. Over the course of the test series, it was shown for the first time worldwide, that CO2 capture rates of more than 90 % are feasible, while oxyfiring commercially available solid recovered fuels. Based on the experimental data, a process was validated and subsequently applied for the determination of heat and mass balances for the retrofit of a Waste-to-Energy plant. Die wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Gefahren des Klimawandels aufgrund des anthropogenen Anstiegs der CO2-Konzentration in der Erdatmosphäre sind weithin anerkannt. Neben der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen scheint die Anwendung von Verfahren zur Abscheidung und Speicherung von CO2 in energieintensiven Industrien unumgänglich. Diese Dissertation bewertet die Nutzung von Ersatzbrennstoffen im Carbonate-Looping Prozess. Es konnte die CO2-Abscheidung aus einem MVA-ähnlichen Abgas durch einen EBS-gefeuerten Kalzinator anhand von experimentellen Untersuchungen im 1 MWth-Maßstab erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden. Im Rahmen der Versuchsreihen wurde weltweit erstmals gezeigt, dass CO2-Abscheidungsraten von mehr als 90 % realisierbar sind. Basierend auf den experimentellen Daten wurde ein Prozessmodell validiert und anschließend zur Bestimmung von Massen- und Energiebilanzen für die Carbonate-Looping Nachrüstung einer Müllverbrennungsanlage eingesetzt.

Valorizing Waste Derived Fuels for Climate Change Mitigation
Valorizing Waste Derived Fuels for Climate Change Mitigation

Author: Carina Hofmann

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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It is common understanding that a reduction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is undispensible. Furthermore, already emitted CO2 has to be removed from the atmosphere. To meet these objectives, novel processes must be developed and applied. Besides the utilization of renewable energy sources and a reduction of energy intensity, the application of carbon capture and storage/utilization (CCS/U) technologies is required. In a waste-to-energy (WtE) plant, the carbon contained in the waste is largely converted to CO2 and released to the environment. Thereby, heat and power are produced as valuable by-products of waste treatment. The carbon is partly of biogenic origin (e.g. wood and food waste) and of fossil origin (e.g. plastics derived from mineral oil). By separation, storage or utilization of the CO2 contained in the WtE plant flue gas, municipal solid waste (MSW) is utilized as a resource for clean energy and net negative CO2 emissions. The carbonate looping (CaL) process represents an efficient option for post-combustion CO2 capture from WtE plants. In this process, the heat for sorbent regeneration can be supplied by solid recovered fuels (SRF), which are sourced of pretreated MSW. Based on the results of experimental investigations in an SRF-fueled CaL pilot plant at 1 MWth scale, this study focuses on the techno-economic assessment and comparison of two valorization pathways for captured CO2, namely i) long term storage and ii) utilization to produce methanol. Key performance indicators (KPI) of the process chain, such as production costs of methanol and levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) are calculated and compared. Based on a steady-state process model for the CaL process, investment costs are determined according to a bottom-up approach for each component. Operational costs are derived from relevant material and product streams. The economic analysis takes various investment and operation scenarios into account to assess techno-economic characteristics in light of the future energy market. Factors such as negative emissions credits, low electricity cost, increased gate fees or plant size are considered.

Experimental Investigation of a Semi-industrial Carbonate Looping Process for Scale-up
Experimental Investigation of a Semi-industrial Carbonate Looping Process for Scale-up

Author: Jochen Bernd Ludwig Hilz

Publisher:

Published: 2019-07-08

Total Pages: 170

ISBN-13: 9783736970458

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An efficient post-combustion capture technology is the carbonate looping (CaL) process reducing the amount of CO2 released by fossil fuelled power and industrial plants (CCS/U). Limestone based sorbents are circulated between two interconnected circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors. In a first reactor, the carbonator, the main part of CO2 contained in the flue gas of an upstream emission source is absorbed by CaO. The CO2 is released and the sorbent regenerated under oxy-firing conditions in a second reactor, the calciner. The present work discusses the results obtained from experimental investigation of the Carbonate Looping process in semi-industrial 1 MWth scale. Long-term pilot tests were conducted to improve the process and gain reliable experimental data to scale up the CaL process to industrial size. The type of fuel, sorbent, flue gas composition, reactor design, and operating conditions were varied to assess the operability and the long-term effects on the process performance. During periods of up to 60 h, parameters were not changed to achieve steady-state conditions. The stability of the CaL process in semi-industrial size was proven by steady-state CO2 absorption for more than 1,500 h with interconnected circulating fluidized bed reactors with absorption rates in the carbonator higher than 90% and overall capture rates higher than 95 %. The experimental data obtained in this work provide the basis to take the CaL process to the next stage of development, a demonstration pilot with a thermal size of 20 MWth. A conceptual plant setup for this demonstration unit was derived from the operational experience in the 1 MWth pilot plant. Based on evaluation of pilot testing and with the help of a validated process model, the design parameters were defined and verified. The heat and mass balancing for various operating cases was carried out to define the boundary conditions for the engineering of the demonstration pilot. Furthermore, the assessment of the demon

Technical and economical assessment of various carbonate looping process configurations
Technical and economical assessment of various carbonate looping process configurations

Author: Markus Junk

Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag

Published: 2017-01-09

Total Pages: 220

ISBN-13: 3736984480

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Die technische Machbarkeit des Carbonate Looping Prozesses (Post-Combustion CO2 Abscheidungsverfahren) wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durch den Bau von zwei semi-industriellen Pilotanlagen demonstriert. Im Jahr 2010 wurde eine 1 MWth Anlage errichtet und erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen. Seitdem wurde in über 2000 Stunden Betrieb mit Abscheidungsraten von über 90% die technische Machbarkeit des Prozesses demonstriert. Um den Wirkungsgrad des Prozesses weiter zu steigern, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine weitere Pilotanlage im 300 kWth Maßstab geplant, gebaut, in Betrieb genommen und Anfang 2015 für mehr als 600 Stunden bei hohen Abscheidungsraten erfolgreich betrieben. In dieser Anlage wurde die Wärme nicht direkt über eine Verbrennung mit reinem Sauerstoff, sondern indirekt aus einer separaten, mit Luft gefeuerten Brennkammer über den Einsatz von Hochtemperatur-Wärmerohren (Natrium- Heat Pipes) bereitgestellt. Beide Verfahren wurden durch die Berechnung der CO2-Vermeidungskosten und der Stromgestehungskosten wirtschaftlich bewertet und mit anderen CO2-Abscheidungstechnologien verglichen.

Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization
Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization

Author: Pen-Chi Chiang

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-05-04

Total Pages: 452

ISBN-13: 9789811098307

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This book focuses on an important technology for mineralizing and utilizing CO2 instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. CO2 mineralization and utilization demonstrated in the waste-to-resource supply chain can “reduce carbon dependency, promote resource and energy efficiency, and lessen environmental quality degradation,” thereby reducing environmental risks and increasing economic benefits towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this book, comprehensive information on CO2 mineralization and utilization via accelerated carbonation technology from theoretical and practical considerations was presented in 20 Chapters. It first introduces the concept of the carbon cycle from the thermodynamic point of view and then discusses principles and applications regarding environmental impact assessment of carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies. After that, it describes the theoretical and practical considerations for “Accelerated Carbonation (Mineralization)” including analytical methods, and systematically presents the carbonation mechanism and modeling (process chemistry, reaction kinetics and mass transfer) and system analysis (design and analysis of experiments, life cycle assessment and cost benefit analysis). It then provides physico-chemical properties of different types of feedstock for CO2 mineralization and then explores the valorization of carbonated products as green materials. Lastly, an integral approach for waste treatment and resource recovery is introduced, and the carbonation system is critically assessed and optimized based on engineering, environmental, and economic (3E) analysis. The book is a valuable resource for readers who take scientific and practical interests in the current and future Accelerated Carbonation Technology for CO2 Mineralization and Utilization.

Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions
Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions

Author: Liang-Shih Fan

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-02-14

Total Pages: 353

ISBN-13: 1118063139

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This book presents the current carbonaceous fuel conversion technologies based on chemical looping concepts in the context of traditional or conventional technologies. The key features of the chemical looping processes, their ability to generate a sequestration-ready CO2 stream, are thoroughly discussed. Chapter 2 is devoted entirely to the performance of particles in chemical looping technology and covers the subjects of solid particle design, synthesis, properties, and reactive characteristics. The looping processes can be applied for combustion and/or gasification of carbon-based material such as coal, natural gas, petroleum coke, and biomass directly or indirectly for steam, syngas, hydrogen, chemicals, electricity, and liquid fuels production. Details of the energy conversion efficiency and the economics of these looping processes for combustion and gasification applications in contrast to those of the conventional processes are given in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.Finally, Chapter 6 presents additional chemical looping applications that are potentially beneficial, including those for H2 storage and onboard H2 production, CO2 capture in combustion flue gas, power generation using fuel cell, steam-methane reforming, tar sand digestion, and chemicals and liquid fuel production. A CD is appended to this book that contains the chemical looping simulation files and the simulation results based on the ASPEN Plus software for such reactors as gasifier, reducer, oxidizer and combustor, and for such processes as conventional gasification processes, Syngas Chemical Looping Process, Calcium Looping Process, and Carbonation-Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.

Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology
Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology

Author: Ronald W. Breault

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2019-01-22

Total Pages: 488

ISBN-13: 3527342028

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This comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on this highly topical field, covering everything from new process concepts to commercial applications. Describing novel developments as well as established methods, the authors start with the evaluation of different oxygen carriers and subsequently illuminate various technological concepts for the energy conversion process. They then go on to discuss the potential for commercial applications in gaseous, coal, and fuel combustion processes in industry. The result is an invaluable source for every scientist in the field, from inorganic chemists in academia to chemical engineers in industry.