Use of Alternative Lipids and Finishing Feeds to Improve Nutritional Value and Food Safety of Hybrid Striped Bass
Use of Alternative Lipids and Finishing Feeds to Improve Nutritional Value and Food Safety of Hybrid Striped Bass

Author: Curtis C. Crouse

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 78

ISBN-13:

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Seafood represents the most important source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in the human diet. However, consuming fish can present risks from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that bioaccumulate in edible tissues following dietary exposure. In farmed fish, POPs accumulate as a result of feeding diets based on fish oil (FO). Fish oil substitution can reduce POP accumulation, but also results in loss of beneficial LC-PUFAs. Fish oil-based finishing diets at the end of production can restore LC-PUFAs, but this strategy also increases POPs. The present study assessed the use of saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich lipids to replace fish oil in grow-out feeds in conjunction with a fish oil-rich finishing diet to determine if this strategy could produce hybrid striped bass with equal production performance, equivalent LC-PUFA levels, and reduced POP concentrations. Triplicate tanks of hybrid striped bass were raised on diets containing fish oil (100% FO), fish oil spiked with additional POPs (100% FO Spike), or blends (50/50 or 25/75) of FO and coconut (CO) or palm (PO) oils (50% CO, 50% PO, 75% CO, 75% PO) with and without an eight week finishing period with the 100% FO diet prior to harvest. Production performance, fillet LC-PUFA, and POP content were assessed. Production performance was not adversely affected by any of the feeding regimens. However, fatty acid profile was altered, with fillets of fish consuming less fish oil having lower LC-PUFA and POP levels. Finishing yielded a modest increase in fillet LC-PUFAs and POPs, but POPs accumulated more readily than LC-PUFAs during finishing. However, harvest fillet POP and LC-PUFA levels in the experimental groups were lower relative to levels in the 100% FO group. Replacing fish oil in aquafeeds can produce fish with reduced LC-PUFAs, and also reduced POPs. Feeding fish oil results in more rapid accumulation of POPs than LC-PUFA. Overall, the 75% fish oil replacement feeds yielded fish with the highest ratio of LC-PUFAs to POPs. Despite lower LC-PUFA content, fillets of fish fed the 75% fish oil replacement feeds could be incorporated into a weekly meal plan with other dietary sources of LC-PUFAs to meet dietary recommendations for these essential nutrients.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Seafood By-Product Blends with Red Drum Sciaenops Ocellatus and Hybrid Striped Bass Morone Saxatilis X M.Chysops
Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Seafood By-Product Blends with Red Drum Sciaenops Ocellatus and Hybrid Striped Bass Morone Saxatilis X M.Chysops

Author: Alton F Burns

Publisher:

Published: 2015

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Diets of many cultured fishes require high inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil. With the growth of aquaculture worldwide, demand for fishmeal and fish oil has increased resulting in higher prices of these ingredients due to increased demand but relatively static supplies. A promising source of alternative protein and lipid is the waste from seafood processing. This project evaluated four different types of seafood processing wastes as potential feed ingredients for the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chysops). Viscera and skeletal remains from filleted channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and krill (Euphausia superba) were evaluated with red drum and hybrid striped bass by determining nutrient and energy digestibility. Catfish, black drum, and tuna waste products were blended with soybean meal in a 40:60 ratio. All diets were subjected to dry extrusion, and then dried to produce stable ingredients. Diets used for the digestibility trial were formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 10% lipid and 1% chromic oxide as a marker, with each ingredient substituted in a reference diet at a 30:70 ratio. The yellowfin tuna fillet waste also was evaluated in a comparative feeding trial with juvenile red drum. In that trial, experimental diets with the tuna by-product meal replaced menhaden fishmeal on an equal protein basis at levels of 5, 10, 20, 40 or 60%. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 12% lipid. Juvenile red drum were fed the various diets for 7 weeks in 38-L aquaria linked as a brackish (6 + 1 ppt) water recirculating system. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for crude protein, crude lipid, and energy from krill and catfish meal were similar for red drum while the black drum meal had decisively lower values. Krill meal had higher ADC values for organic matter and energy than catfish meal and black drum meal in hybrid striped bass. ADC values of crude protein, and crude lipid were similar for krill, catfish, and black drum ingredients. Based on weight gain and feed efficiency responses in the feeding trial, red drum fed the control diet with only fishmeal significantly outperformed fish fed the tuna-substituted diets. However, no significant differences were observed among fish fed the diets with 5, 10, 20, or 40% tuna substitution. These results suggest that inclusion of seafood processing by-products can be substituted for fishmeal and possibly reduce the price of fish feeds. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152627

Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds
Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds

Author: Giovanni M. Turchini

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2010-07-19

Total Pages: 542

ISBN-13: 1439808635

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Experts are predicting that demand for marine fish oil will soon outstrip supply, creating extreme urgency within the global aquafeed industry to find viable alternatives. Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds is the first comprehensive review of this multifaceted, complex issue. It also addresses the crucial quest

Evaluation of Various Dietary Supplements and Strategies to Enhance Growth and Disease Management of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone Chrysops X M. Saxatilis
Evaluation of Various Dietary Supplements and Strategies to Enhance Growth and Disease Management of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone Chrysops X M. Saxatilis

Author: Peng Li

Publisher:

Published: 2006

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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The US hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) industry has been negatively impacted by infectious diseases because there are very few approved drugs and vaccines. Therefore, a series of experiments was conducted to explore the potential use of various dietary supplements including autolyzed brewers yeast, the commercial prebiotic GroBiotic®-A, oligonucleotides and levamisole for improvement of hybrid striped bass growth, immunity and resistance to disease caused by various pathogenic bacteria. In two trials with brewers yeast, fish fed diets supplemented with yeast at 2% generally showed enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency compared with those fed a basal diet. Brewers yeast also positively influenced resistance to S. iniae infection. In addition, results of immune response assays demonstrated that brewers yeast can be administered for relatively long periods without causing immunosuppression. GroBiotic®-A (Grobiotic [superscript]TM AE) also resulted in significantly enhanced weight gain, innate immune responses and resistance of juvenile hybrid striped bass to S. iniae infection. An additional experiment with sub-adult fish showed significantly reduced mortality of fish fed a diet supplemented with GroBiotic®-A at 2% when subjected to an in-situ Mycobacterium marinum challenge. This is the first report of positive effects from dietary prebiotics for fish health management, although many fundamental questions should be pursued further. Dietary supplementation of a commercial oligonucleotide product (Ascogen P®) at 0.5% of the diet was shown to enhance resistance of hybrid striped bass against S. iniae infection and increased their neutrophil oxidative radical production. However, the effect on growth was marginal. Dietary levamisole supplementation at a low level (100 mg/kg) enhanced the growth and feed efficiency of juvenile hybrid striped bass. However, an elevated dosage(1000 mg/kg diet) strongly suppressed growth, feed intake and feed efficiency. Hypothesized beneficial influences, including antibody production and resistance to S.iniae and A. hydrophila were not substantiated. Although dietary levamisole increased fish macrophage respiratory burst, an in vitro study failed to show a direct effect on cultured macrophages. This suite of studies demonstrated the potential use of some dietary supplements to enhance hybrid striped bass production. Thus, immunonutrition represents a valuable strategy to apply in aquaculture.

Feeds for the Aquaculture Sector
Feeds for the Aquaculture Sector

Author: Laura Gasco

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-03-23

Total Pages: 111

ISBN-13: 3319779419

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This Brief discusses potential alternative sources for feeds in aquaculture fish diet, and explains that the future of aquaculture’s development is dependent on the costs of fishmeal and fish oil. Considering that the increasing costs of traditional feeds constrain this development, research is looking into alternatives, which can ensure adequate nutrition for animals’ growth. This work reviews the use of alternative plant, microbial and insect protein sources, evaluating in particular their impact on growth, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality traits and sensorial perception in the most important farmed marine and freshwater fish species. The Brief specifically summarizes the pros and cons of plant oils from oilseeds, which can on the one hand be a sustainable substitute for fish oil, but which are on the other hand less rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The feeding might therefore result in an undesired reduced nutritional value of the flesh of farmed fish. The authors also explore the possible use of fishery discards as potential aquaculture feed source. Since the landing of by-catch will with the new Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) become obligatory (instead of simply returning it to the sea, often dead), suitable uses of what must not be used for human consumption can be investigated. The authors give an outlook whether this might become a sensible alternative to improve the management of discards and create more sustainable fisheries. The Brief also addresses the issues of additives to aquafeeds, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, but also immunostimulants and enzymes. The authors discuss which effects these additives may have on fish growth, welfare, reproduction and health status in aquacultures.

Impact of Alternative, Non-fish Oil Dietary Lipid Sources and Subsequent 'finishing' on Growth and Tissue Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Retention in Cobia, Rachycentron Canadum
Impact of Alternative, Non-fish Oil Dietary Lipid Sources and Subsequent 'finishing' on Growth and Tissue Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Retention in Cobia, Rachycentron Canadum

Author: Franklin R. Woitel

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13:

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Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) aquaculture is poised for expansion, due in part to rapid growth rate, tolerance of culture conditions, and high market value of this species. Similar to other carnivorous marine fishes, the high monetary cost and long-range unsustainability of reliance on fish oil as the principle lipid source for cobia feeds necessitates evaluation of alternative lipid sources to spare or replace fish oil. Unfortunately, alternative lipid-based feeds may affect production performance, and typically yield fillets with reduced levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Recent research has indicated that diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), coupled with the application of so-called "finishing feeds" (feeds containing elevated levels of fish oil relative to grow-out feeds) at the end of the production cycle, may limit or attenuate these effects of fish oil sparing. Accordingly, I conducted two trials to evaluate the usefulness of alternative lipids and finishing in cobia culture. In the first trial, I assessed growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia fed diets (~11% lipid, ~48% protein) containing fish oil (control), or 50/50 blends of fish oil and alternative lipids (beef tallow, pork lard, partially and fully hydrogenated soy oils, and traditional soy oil) supplemented with an algal meal (to meet the 22:6n-3 requirement of cobia) for 8 weeks. Although minor differences were observed in feed intake, growth performance was otherwise equivalent among the dietary groups. Tissue fatty acid composition varied significantly among treatments, however, with alternative lipids containing higher levels of saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) yielding tissue profiles that were most similar to those associated with the fish oil-based control feed. Although beef tallow and hydrogenated soybean oil were largely equivalent in terms of growth performance and fatty acid profile change, beef tallow was selected for further evaluation because of its low cost. In the second trial, beef tallow replaced fish oil in feeds at one of four substitution levels: 0% (100% fish oil), 33%, 67%, or 100% tallow (with algal 22:6n-3 meal included in all feeds as before). Juvenile cobia were raised on these feeds for 8 weeks, then switched to the 100% fish oil-based control feed for an 8-week finishing period. During finishing, subsamples of fish were collected every 2 weeks to quantify changes in tissue fatty acid profile over time as a result of finishing. In the second trial, the overall similarity of tissue fatty profiles to those in the 100% fish oil control treatment increased over the course of finishing, mostly as a result of declines in SFAs and MUFAs. These results suggest that SFA and MUFA-rich lipids, such as fully hydrogenated soy oil and beef tallow, are effective and strategically valuable as partial substitutes for fish oil in cobia feeds, and that finishing is at least partially effective in restoring cobia tissue fatty acid composition to a state approximating that of cobia fed only fish oil as dietary lipid.

Alternative Lipids in Nutrition of Marine Finfish
Alternative Lipids in Nutrition of Marine Finfish

Author: Artur Nishioka Rombenso

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 374

ISBN-13:

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Fish oil sparing and replacement is a major focus in the fields of aquaculture and aquaculture nutrition. Most of the commercial fish oil production is consumed by the aquafeed industry due to its highly digestible energy and elevated content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs; ARA – 20:4n-6, EPA – 20:5n-3, and DHA – 22:6n-3), being a valuable ingredient. Given the finite supply and the growing demand for fish oil its price has increased quite drastically, leading to the search for alternative lipid sources. Generally, vegetable- and terrestrial animal-origin alternatives lack LC-PUFAs, which are physiologically important nutrients for all fish, and considered essential fatty acids for carnivorous species. When fish oil is spared or replaced by alternative lipids fish survival, growth performance, and fish health are commonly impaired if adequate levels of essential fatty acids are not provided within feeds. Additionally, fish oil sparing typically distorts fillet fatty acid profile and associated nutritional value compared to a fish oil-based diet reflecting the composition of the alternative lipid used. It is clear that to address the fish oil bottleneck in aquafeed manufacturing, researchers must understand the essential fatty acid requirements of the key commercial fish species. Fatty acid essentiality in fish has been investigated, and there is preliminary evidence that not all LC-PUFAs may be equally required, with DHA being more important, and EPA being more expendable. Whereas ARA has not been investigated in the same extent as n-3 LC-PUFAs. Additionally, certain fatty acids groupings such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may influence LC-PUFAs bioavailability, and in some cases maintain or enhance LC-PUFAs deposition. The current dissertation sought to provide new knowledge regarding LC-PUFA requirements of marine carnivorous fish (White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis, California Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis and Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus) in the context of C18 PUFA-rich (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid with chain length of 18 carbon atoms) and SFA- and MUFA-rich alternative lipids. Determine if all LC-PUFAs (ARA, EPA, DHA) are equally important in meeting fatty acids requirements and also determine the effects of dietary SFA, MUFA, and C 18 PUFA content in fish oil sparing and tissue deposition of LC-PUFAs. The overall findings highlighted that DHA and ARA appear to be the primary drivers of fatty acid essentiality, whereas EPA is likely required in minor amounts. It was also demonstrated that DHA/EPA ratio had little-to-no effect on fish performance. Additionally, LC-PUFA requirements seem to be more flexible than previously assumed being influenced by dietary fatty acid profile. LC-PUFAs in marine finfish are more bioavailable in the context of SFA-/MUFA-rich alternative lipids, thus, reducing the requirements for these nutrients and allowing the fish’s physiological demand to be met with dietary levels below the minimum levels recommended. Finally, these findings suggest that although marine fish accept a variety of alternative lipids, those rich in SFAs and/or MUFAs seem advantageous in terms of limiting the effects of fish oil sparing on tissue fatty acid profiles.