Tragic anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, June 3, 2013.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations
Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 62. Chapters: Reactions to Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Goddess of Democracy, 20th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Nothing to My Name, Summer Palace, 10th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Tank Man, 21st anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Tiananmen Mothers, Wang Dan, Ding Zilin, Chai Ling, Shen Tong, The Critical Moment - Li Peng Diaries, Tang Baiqiao, Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement, Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation, Liu Xianbin, People's Daily editorial of April 26, Tiananmen Papers, Pillar of Shame, Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, Student posters and leaflets during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Yu Dongyue, Wu'erkaixi, Li Ximing, Collection of June Fourth Poems, Han Dongfang, Execution, Tin Omen, Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square, Operation Yellowbird, Memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Almost a Revolution, Executive Order 12711, Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992. Excerpt: The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the June Fourth Incident in Chinese (in part to avoid confusion with two prior Tiananmen Square protests), were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China (PRC) beginning on 15 April 1989. The protests are also known as the Tiananmen Massacre, but journalistic use of the term has waned in recent years. This is because, according to James Miles, the BBC reporter who originally covered the protests, the violence did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square in the city of Beijing. The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact they occurred in many large cities throughout Mainland China. The protests were...
In this vivid new social history of the Tiananmen protests, Beijing massacre, and nationwide crackdown of 1989, Jeremy Brown explores the key turning points of the crisis in China and shows how the massacre and its aftermath were far from inevitable.
Follow the story of China's infamous June Fourth Incident -- otherwise known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre -- from the first-hand account of a young sociology teacher who witnessed it all. Over 30 years ago, on April 15th 1989, the occupation of Tiananmen Square began. As tens of thousands of students and concerned Chinese citizens took to the streets demanding political reforms, the fate of China's communist system was unknown. When reports of soldiers marching into Beijing to suppress the protests reverberated across Western airwaves, the world didn't know what to expect. Lun Zhang was just a young sociology teacher then, in charge of management and safety service for the protests. Now, in this powerful graphic novel, Zhang pairs with French journalist and Asia specialist Adrien Gombeaud, and artist Ameziane, to share his unvarnished memory of this crucial moment in world history for the first time. Providing comprehensive coverage of the 1989 protests that ended in bloodshed and drew global scrutiny, Zhang includes context for these explosive events, sympathetically depicting a world of discontented, idealistic, activist Chinese youth rarely portrayed in Western media. Many voices and viewpoints are on display, from Western journalists to Chinese administrators. Describing how the hope of a generation was shattered when authorities opened fire on protestors and bystanders, Tiananmen 1989 shows the way in which contemporary China shaped itself.
A narrative history, told from the point of view of student demonstrators, of the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident and events leading to it incident in Beijing, China.
This unique book provides a comprehensive overview of the June 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre in China on the occasion of the 25th anniversary, featuring histories, accounts of survivors and Chinese dissidents, hearings held by the U.S. Congress and the Congressional - Executive Commission on China (CECC), and stories of current Chinese human rights abuses. It includes the complete reproduction of a major Department of Defense report, Chinese National Security Decisionmaking Under Stress, which includes a major discussion of the Tiananmen Square massacre. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) of Communist China massed elements of more than a dozen infantry, armor, and airborne divisions around the city of Beijing in May and June 1989. Workers and students precipitated this massing of military force by demonstrating inside the city for more political expression and against nepotism and rampant corruption in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). For weeks the CCP senior leadership was divided about how to handle the demonstrations. The political divisions in the highest ranks of the Party paralyzed decisionmaking and reflected ambivalence, even outright disagreement, in the PLA over the use of the military to suppress the unrest. A number of older, retired Communist Party members who fought to take control of China from the 1920s through 1949 emerged with comments and advice.1 Many pushed for the suppression of the demonstrations by the PLA. Younger, reform-minded Party members coalesced around General Secretary Zhao Ziyang as he pushed for greater openness and economic liberalization. This situation leading up to the Tiananmen Massacre is best characterized as a process of decisionmaking under stress. Initially the Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) was torn internally about how to respond, and the lack of response from student demonstrators put them under considerable stress. Later in the process, however, when it was clear that attempts to communicate with the students would not end the demonstrations, and the demonstrations spread throughout China on a larger scale, what had been a stressful situation became a genuine crisis. In the end, the more orthodox Communists and other factions inside the Party who resisted any shift in the distribution of wealth and power won out. The students were suppressed with deadly force. The disagreements over the pace of reform and the role of the Communist Party in the Chinese state that led to the slaughter of demonstrators and innocents alike in Beijing was really the extension of an earlier dispute about reform within the CCP that resulted in the dismissal of CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang approximately 2 years earlier. It was Hu Yaobang's death on April 15, 1989, that threw the Communist Party leadership into turmoil and paralyzed inner-Party decisionmaking at the highest levels. The lesson from this chapter is that the consensus-related system of power among factions at the top of the Communist Party created, and will likely continue to create, paralysis in decisionmaking, thus delaying the ability of the CCP to react and potentially exacerbating any crisis.
