Trade Liberalisation of Education Services Under Gats Through 'Commercial Presence', and Choice of Educational Quality
Trade Liberalisation of Education Services Under Gats Through 'Commercial Presence', and Choice of Educational Quality

Author: Arundhati Sarkar Bose

Publisher:

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The rules and principles of the General Agreement on Trade in Services govern the liberalization of trade in services in Member countries of the World Trade Organisation. Rules of trade liberalisation for the education sector are currently under negotiation. The issue of trade in education instigate speculations and debate over its possible implications. Quality of education and distribution of educational opportunities are hugely debated issues in relation to trade in education. This paper presents the debate with particular reference to trade in education through the mode of supply of Commercial Presence. Under this mode of supply universities directly set up affiliates or branch campuses in foreign countries. The paper also formulates a mathematical model that attempts to envisage the quality of educational services that a profit maximising branch campus is likely to provide. It shows that quality of education in a branch campus is contingent on the quality of education provided by the domestic university in the country hosting the branch campus as well as the its consumers' willingness to pay for education. The paper also affirms the popular argument that access to different qualities of education depends on the distribution of wealth.

Liberalization of trade in educational service and its impact on the right to education
Liberalization of trade in educational service and its impact on the right to education

Author: Li Zhou

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2007-08-16

Total Pages: 100

ISBN-13: 3638799921

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Master's Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,7, University of Hamburg, language: English, abstract: Education is in itself a fundamental human right. As an important determinant of economic growth and human development, education also constitutes an indispensable means of realizing other human rights, particularly rights associated with employment and social security. With the unleashed force of globalization sweeping all aspects of social and economic life, national governments throughout the world increasingly understand the strategic importance of education in enhancing and maintaining international competitiveness, and its crucial role in developing economic and social viability on the long run. On the other hand, the convergent impacts of globalization also bring new impetus for cross-boarder education, and affect the shape and mode of the operation of national education systems more influentially than ever. Over the last two decades trade in cross-border education has been increasing steadily in all forms: not only the numbers of students enrolled in educational institutions outside their home country has been rapidly increasing, but also more and more education providers operate abroad, providing their educational services to foreign students who remain at home. Accelerated development of the new information and communication technologies also facilitate cross-border education and encourage new forms of educational internationalization. According to the statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), export revenue related to international student mobility amounted to an estimated minimum of US$30 billion in 1998, or 3% of global services exports (OECD, 2004a). With the rapid growth of trade in education, a number of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade agreements and regulations have incorporated provisions on trade and investment in educational services, which all together make up the legal and institutional framework shaping and regulating the liberalization of trade in educational services. Among all the relevant agreements and regulations driving the liberalization process, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) under the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime provides the first multilateral framework for international trade and investment in services, including educational services.

Trade in Higher Education
Trade in Higher Education

Author: Jandhyala B. G. Tilak

Publisher: UNESCO

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789280313628

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Trade in Higher Education: The role of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) - Internationalization of higher education has been evolving over the years. Today, trade in education has become an important framework under which cross-border mobility of students, institutions, programs, and teachers takes place. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has systematized and formalized the conditions for trade in services including education. This book provides a detailed analysis of various dimensions of the GATS and its implications for development of higher education, especially in developing countries. The analysis also provides a critical assessment of the benefits derived and potential threats posed by trading in education. It is hoped that the study will provide useful insights on the issue for educational policy-makers, planners, and researchers.

GATS 2000
GATS 2000

Author: Pierre Sauve

Publisher: Brookings Institution Press

Published: 2010-12-01

Total Pages: 572

ISBN-13: 9780815716815

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A Brookings Institution Press and the Center for Business and Government at Harvard University publication With the negotiation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the policies affecting access to, and conditions of competition in, service markets are today firmly rooted in the multilateral trading system. Written with policymakers and practitioners in mind, the essays in this volume address some of the most pressing questions arising in services trade today—some of which were not addressed by the first generation of GATS negotiators.

Trade in Educational Services
Trade in Educational Services

Author: Kurt Larsen

Publisher:

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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This paper examines the trends and emerging issues in trade in educational services. It provides rough estimates of the size of the international market in educational services drawing on the limited data available in services trade statistics and data on foreign students in tertiary education in OECD countries. It outlines the current commitments for trade in educational services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It also reviews the implications of the on-going GATS negotiations for further multilateral trade liberalisation in this sector. It points out that OECD countries have been noticeably reluctant to make proposals for further liberalisation of trade in educational services. One reason for this is the concern in many countries about the potential threats posed to cultural values and national traditions by growing trade liberalisation in educational services. Finally, the paper reviews some of the main policy issues arising from trade in educational services.

Public Services and International Trade Liberalization
Public Services and International Trade Liberalization

Author: Barnali Choudhury

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2012-11-01

Total Pages: 379

ISBN-13: 1139789767

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Does public service liberalization pose a threat to gender and human rights? Traditionally considered essential services provided by a state to its citizens, public services are often viewed as public goods which embody social values. Subjecting them to market ideology thus raises concerns that the intrinsic social nature of these services will be negated. Moreover, as those most likely to be reliant on public services, public service liberalization may also further marginalize women. Nevertheless, states continue to increasingly liberalize public services. Barnali Choudhury explores the implications of public service liberalization. Using primarily a legal approach, but drawing from case studies, empirical research and gender theories, she examines whether liberalization under the General Agreement on Trade in Services and other liberalization vehicles such as preferential trade and investment agreements compromise human rights and gender objectives.

The Global Governance of Knowledge Creation and Diffusion
The Global Governance of Knowledge Creation and Diffusion

Author: Helge Hveem

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2012-02-27

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13: 1136701826

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There is an increasing scientific and political sensibility for questions regarding the "governance of a knowledge society" and the societal benefits and problems of a "knowledge economy". The Global Governance of Knowledge provides a survey and analysis of international agreements and institutions, global and regional, which regulate the creation and dissemination of knowledge. The volume utilises case studies and a comparative country / thematic approach to prove a comprehensive survey of the regulation and governance of knowledge flow, research and innovation. By identifying activities creating new knowledge, such as education and migration, it demonstrates how knowledge regulation and diffusion works in practice and policy. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of globalization, international relations and policy regulation.

The Commercial Education and Training Services Industry:
The Commercial Education and Training Services Industry:

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1999

Total Pages: 16

ISBN-13:

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The commercial education and training sector has been transformed as a result of technological advances and changes in demand. Training providers are facing increased pressure to operate internationally. This paper contains an analysis of the education and training sector and attempts to outline the issues for Canadian policymakers, public education institutions, and the private sector to consider in view of upcoming trade negotiations. It examines both the public and commercial education and training sectors as well as trade in these services. It then provides an analysis of current GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) commitments related to educational services. Finally, it attempts to define and address important policy issues for discussion in the development of Canada's negotiation position on education and training services.

National Regulation and Trade Liberalization in Services
National Regulation and Trade Liberalization in Services

Author: Markus Krajewski

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 2003-01-01

Total Pages: 270

ISBN-13: 9041121412

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Like tariffs and other border measures, national regulatory barriers impede international trade. Unlike tariffs, however, such barriers usually indicate an important domestic policy choice. This 'conflict of interest' has emerged as a crucial issue in international law, particularly with regard to services, such as telecommunications and health services. This study is the first to analyze the potential impact of incompatibilities between national regulatory regimes and the rules and obligations imposed by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). In the process of arriving at his challenging concluding theses, the author investigates such relevant concepts as the following: the political and ideological dynamics of GATS negotiations services trade liberalization in regional integration systems, particularly in EC law policies common to diverse national regulatory systems the notions of 'deregulation' and 'privatization' the human rights implications of international trade law the GATS obligations of market access, national treatment, and most-favoured-nation treatment the role of the WTO's dispute settlement organs GATS transparency obligations Professor Krajewski's study is of enormous significance to specialists in regulatory policies and instruments at all national and sectoral levels, especially in the context of ongoing GATS negotiations. As the author warns: Unless GATS negotiators and national regulators have a thorough understanding of the relationship between GATS obligations and regulatory policies and instruments, they cannot effectively use the flexible elements of GATS and could reach an agreement which they may later regret.

International Trade in Health Services and the GATS
International Trade in Health Services and the GATS

Author: Chantal Blouin

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2005-09-15

Total Pages: 328

ISBN-13: 0821362127

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Health ministries around the world face a new challenge: to assess the risks and respond to the opportunities of the increasing openness in health services under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). 'International Trade in Health Services and the GATS' addresses this challenge head-on by providing analytical tools to policymakers in health and trade ministries alike who are involved in the liberalization agenda and, specifically, in the GATS negotiations. This book informs and assists policymakers in formulating trade policy and negotiating internationally. There is ongoing and animated international debate about the impact of GATS on public services in general and health in particular. In response, the book offers different perspectives from more than 15 leading experts. Some of the authors stress opportunities linked to trade in health services, others focus more on the risks. The book offers: Detailed legal analysis of the impact of the agreement on health policy An overview of trade commitments in health-related services New empirical evidence from nine country studies A simple 10-step explanation on how to deal with GATS negotiations. 'International Trade in Health Services and the GATS' is a must-have resource for policymakers and other practitioners working in the trade and health sectors.