What's really going on in the kitchen?Whilst cookery programmes are broadcast at peak viewing times and chefs regularly claim celebrity status, food writers announce the death of cooking. Parents, experts, campaigners and policymakers grow increasingly concerned about the proliferation of pre-prepared foods and a growing trend for eating alone and on the run. Kitchen Secrets explores the thoughts, values and opinions of home cooks, their practices and experiences, and the skills and knowledge they use to prepare and provide food. It offers new and challenging ways of thinking about cooking, examining and often contesting commonly-held beliefs and theories about the role of practical cookery lessons, dinner parties as showcases for culinary flair and the de-skilling effect of convenience foods. Kitchen Secrets lifts the lid on the modern range to see what's cooking.
W. T. SINGLETON THE CONCEPT This is the fourth in a series of books devoted to the study of real skills. A skilled person is one who achieves his objectives effectively, that is by an optimal expenditure of effort, attention and other resources working within his native capacities of strength, vision, intelligence, sensitivity and so forth. It is difficult if not impossible to measure in a quantitative sense. There is, however, no question about its presence or absence. The differences between a highly skilled performer and a mediocre one are so readily manifest that there is no ambiguity. The student of skill is a person interested in what these differences are and how they originate. The importance and the difficulty of skill study is that the concept is a univ~rsal one for human activity. The movement of one limb can be skilled or unskilled within the context of a task, so also can the way a leader addresses a large meeting of his followers. For these and other equally disparate activities there are certain descriptive terms which always seem to be applicable: continuity, sequencing, timing, together with a subtle combination of sensi tivity, adaptability and imperturbability. What happens at any instant is set precisely with the flow from what has already happened to what is going to happen. The order of events has a determinate logic which may not be obvious to the observer except with the benefit of hindsight.
Ergonomics is a multi-disciplinary activity concerned mainly with people at work, but also with other human purposeful activities such as war, sport, games and leisure. The objective of ergonomics is to make these activities more effective and safer by applying established principles of anatomy, physiology and psychology.
This is the book of a conference held at Leuven, Belgium from June 5-9 1979 under the same title. The conference was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Brussels. We would like to thank Dr. Bayraktar of NATO for his part in facilitating the organisation and support of the conference. We are also indebted to the authorities of the University of Leuven who provided excellent facilities and particularly to Professor Verhaegen of the Department of Psychology who acted as academic host to our conference. The aim of the conference was to bring together two groups of psychologists who have been developing in parallel their particular methods of studying and describing human behaviour. The skill psychologists began with the study of motor skills which are relatively easily observable in real jobs and recordable in the laboratory. More recently interests have shifted from motor skills through perceptual skills to the process skills where the operator is attending to many sources of information in the form of dials, charts and computer outputs and adjusting some process to maintain its stability and maximise the yield. Currently problems are arising of how to analyse situations in which several skilled individuals work closely together in small team performance. The social psychologists have followed an analogous but different path of progress.
w. T. SINGLETON THE CONCEPT This is the third in a series of books devoted to the study of real skills. The topic is management. A book on social skills is still to come and it might seem that the sequence should be reversed on the grounds that social skills are obviously one element in management skills but it is appropriate to deal with management first on the criterion of increasing complexity. Management skills are easier to understand than general social skills. This is because the defining characteristic of a skill is a purpose. The purpose of organizations in which managers operate and the tasks in which they are engaged are not easy to define but they are certainly less obscure than are the more general purposes of communities and people interactions in which the complete range of social skills is practised. Skills, like purposes, are inherently to do with people. It follows that the 'skills view' of management will be as a people-based activity. Individuals carry out management tasks and these tasks always involve other individuals, of whom some are subordinate, some superior and some equivalent within the hierarchy of the particular management organization. The concept of a hierarchy is as central to management as it is to skills. The alternative to hier archy is anarchy. Management is not solely concerned with people.
With a vast selection of foods and thousands of recipes to choose from, how do home cooks in America decide what to cook – and what does their cooking mean to them? Answering this question, Making Dinner is an empirical study of home cooking in the United States. Drawing on a combination of research methods, which includes in-depth interviews with over 50 cooks and cooking journals documenting over 300 home-cooked dinners, Roblyn Rawlins and David Livert explore how American home cooks think and feel about themselves, food, and cooking. Their findings reveal distinct types of cook-the family-first cook, the traditional cook, and the keen cook -and demonstrate how personal identities, family relationships, ideologies of gender and parenthood, and structural constraints all influence what ends up on the plate. Rawlins and Livert reveal research that fills the data gap on practices of home cooking in everyday life. This is an important contribution to fields such as food studies, health and nutrition, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, gender studies, and American studies.
This text discusses the skills and abilities that air-traffic controllers need. Its approach is international as air-traffic control practices throughout the world have to be mutually compatible and agreed.
The first comparative examination of planning paradigms This text begins with the principle that the ability to anticipateand plan is an essential feature of intelligent systems, whetherhuman or machine. It further assumes that better planning resultsin greater achievements. With these principles as a foundation,Planning in Intelligent Systems provides readers with the toolsneeded to better understand the process of planning and to becomebetter planners themselves. The text is divided into two parts: * Part One, "Theoretical," discusses the predominant schools ofthought in planning: psychology and cognitive science,organizational science, computer science, mathematics, artificialintelligence, and systems theory. In particular, the book examinescommonalities and differences among the goals, methods, andtechniques of these various approaches to planning. The result is abetter understanding of the process of planning through thecross-fertilization of ideas. Each chapter contains a shortintroduction that sets forth the interrelationships of that chapterto the main ideas featured in the other chapters. * Part Two, "Practical," features six chapters that center on acase study of The Netherlands Railways. Readers learn to applytheory to a real-world situation and discoverhow expanding theirrepertoire of planning methods can help solve seemingly intractableproblems. All chapters have been contributed by leading experts in thevarious schools of planning and carefully edited to ensure aconsistent high standard throughout. This book is designed to not only expand the range of planningtools used, but also to enable readers to use them moreeffectively. It challenges readers to look at new approaches andlearn from new schools of thought. Planning in Intelligent Systemsdelivers effective planning approaches for researchers, professors,students, and practitioners in artificial intelligence, computerscience, cognitive psychology, and mathematics, as well as industryplanners and managers.
How Designers Think: The Designing Process Demystified, Second Edition provides a comprehensive discussion of the psychology of the design process. The book is comprised of 15 chapters that are organized into three parts. The text first discusses the fundamentals of the concept of designer, designing, and design. The second part deals with design problems, including its components, model, and solutions. The last part covers the cognitive aspect of designing; the coverage of this part includes the philosophes, strategies, and tactics of design. The book will be of great interest to both students and instructors of architecture, planning, and industrial and interior design.
