The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces
The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces

Author: Stephen David Barrett

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2001

Total Pages: 266

ISBN-13: 9781848161733

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The Structure of Rare-Earth Metal Surfaces introduces the concepts of surface crystallography and surface-structure determination, outlines the principles of the most widely used experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, and reviews their application to the surfaces of rare-earth metals. In particular, the results of quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction experiments and multiple-scattering calculations are covered in some depth. The book is aimed at science graduates with an interest in surface crystallography. Contents: Introduction to the Rare Earths; The Basics of Surface Structure; Surface Structure Techniques; Crystal Growth and Surface Preparation; Rare-Earth Surface Science; Quantitative Low-Energy Electron Diffraction; Quantitative LEED Results; Summary OCo Past, Present and Future. Readership: Researchers in surface and interface science, crystallography, condensed matter physics and computational physics."

Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium
Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium

Author: A.K. Suri

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-11-13

Total Pages: 272

ISBN-13: 1351448978

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The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.

Magnetism in Condensed Matter
Magnetism in Condensed Matter

Author: Stephen Blundell

Publisher: OUP Oxford

Published: 2001-10-05

Total Pages: 272

ISBN-13: 0191586641

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An understanding of the quantum mechanical nature of magnetism has led to the development of new magnetic materials which are used as permanent magnets, sensors, and information storage. Behind these practical applications lie a range of fundamental ideas, including symmetry breaking, order parameters, excitations, frustration, and reduced dimensionality. This superb new textbook presents a logical account of these ideas, staring from basic concepts in electromagnetsim and quantum mechanics. It outlines the origin of magnetic moments in atoms and how these moments can be affected by their local environment inside a crystal. The different types of interactions which can be present between magnetic moments are described. The final chapters of the book are devoted to the magnetic properties of metals, and to the complex behaviour which can occur when competing magnetic interactions are present and/or the system has a reduced dimensionality. Throughout the text, the theorectical principles are applied to real systems. There is substantial discussion of experimental techniques and current reserach topics. The book is copiously illustrated and contains detailed appendices which cover the fundamental principles.

Modern Aspects of Rare Earths and their Complexes
Modern Aspects of Rare Earths and their Complexes

Author: Vinny R. Sastri

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2003-12-09

Total Pages: 1005

ISBN-13: 0080536689

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In order to use rare earths successfully in various applications, a good understanding of the chemistry of these elements is of paramount importance. Nearly three to four decades have passed since titles such as The Rare Earths edited by F.H. Spedding and A.H. Daane, The chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements by N.E. Topp and Complexes of the Rare Earths by S.P. Sinha were published. There have been many international conferences and symposia on rare earths, as well as the series of volumes entitled Handbook of Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths edited by K.A. Gschneidner and L. Eyring. Thus, there is a need for a new title covering modern aspects of rare earth complexes along with the applications. The present title consists of twelve chapters. 1. Introduction2. General aspects3. Stability of complexes4. Lanthanide complexes5. Structural chemistry of lanthanide compounds6. Organometallic complexes7. Kinetics and mechanisms of rare earths complexation8. Spectroscopy of lanthanide complexes9. Photoelectron spectroscopy of rare earths10. Lanthanide NMR shift reagents11. Environmental ecological biological aspects12. Applications The authors studied in schools headed by pioneers in rare earth chemistry, have a combined experience of one hundred and fifty years in inorganic chemistry, rare earth complex chemistry, nuclear and radiochemistry of rare earths and supramolecular chemistry. The present monograph is a product of this rich experience.

Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Metals
Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Metals

Author: R. Elliott

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 430

ISBN-13: 1475756917

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The rare earths have a unique place among the elements. Although very much alike chemically and in most phy~ical properties they each have very different and striking magnetic properties. The reason, of course, lies in their 4f electrons which determine the magnetic properties but have little effect on other chemical and physical behaviour. Although they are not rare, some indeed are among the more common heavy elements in the earth's crust, the difficulty of separation has meant that their intricate magnetic properties have only recently been unravelled. Now, however, the general pattern of their magnetism is well charted and the underlying theory is well understood. Both are thoroughly summarised in this book. It provides an excellent example of the kind of extensive synthesis which is possible with modem solid state physics. it represents only a high plateau in the ascent to complete understanding. But It will become clear to the reader that while the overall position is satisfactory there are many details still to be elucidated experimentally and much to be done theoretically before all the underlying forces are identified and estimated from a priori calculations. It is hoped that the book will provide a useful stimulus in this direction. It should also be of use to those who are interested in related disciplines, for example the rare earth compounds, or the transition metals. In addition rare earths promise to be important technologically as alloy constituents.

Rare Earth Magnetism
Rare Earth Magnetism

Author: Jens Jensen

Publisher:

Published: 1991-06-13

Total Pages: 426

ISBN-13:

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This monograph presents a unified and coherent account of an important, focused area of rare-earth magnetism -- magnetic structures and excitations -- which both reflects the nature of the fundamental magnetic interactions and determines many of the characteristic properties of metals. The authors concentrate on the essential principles and their applications to typical examples, generally restricting the discussion to the pure elements and considering alloys and compounds only when they are instructive in illuminating particular topics. Both authors have been involved for some time in the effort that has been made in Denmark to study, both theoretically and experimentally, the magnetic structures and especially the excitations in the rare earths. This account of the subject represents the result of their experience, and it has been written in the hope that it will be useful not only to those who have a special interest in rare-earth magnetism, but also to a wider audience of physicists and condensed matter scientists interested in the techniques and achievements of modern research in magnetism.

Binary Rare Earth Oxides
Binary Rare Earth Oxides

Author: G. Adachi

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2004-09

Total Pages: 278

ISBN-13: 9781402025686

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Binary Rare Earth Oxides is the first book in the field of rare earth oxides that provides coverage from the basic science through to recent advances. This book introduces the unique characteristics of the binary rare earth oxides with their chemistry, physics and applications. It provides a comprehensive review of all the characteristics of rare earth oxides, essential for scientists and engineers involved with rare earths, oxides, inorganic materials, ceramics, and structures. The binary rare earth oxides bring us a variety of interesting characteristics. Understanding their fundamental mechanisms builds a bridge between solid-state chemistry and materials science. The book begins with a brief introduction to binary rare earth oxides, their physical and chemical stabilities, polymorphism, crystal structures and phase transformation and the association with current applications. The book goes on to present the band structure of the oxides using several quantum chemical calculations, which belong to a newly developed area in the binary rare earth oxides. Central to this chapter are the characterizations of electrical, magnetic and optical properties, as well as details of single crystal growth and particle preparation methods that have progressed in recent years. Later chapters concentrate on thermo-chemical properties and trace determination techniques. The final chapter contains a variety of useful applications in various fields such as phosphors, glass abrasives, automotive catalysts, fuel cells, solid electrolytes, sunscreens, iron steels, and biological materials. This book is an invaluable resource for materials scientists and solid-state physicists and chemists with an interest in rare earth oxides, as well as advanced students and graduates who require an approach to familiarize them with this field. This book provides guidance through a comprehensive review of all the characteristics of binary rare earth oxides.

Rare Earths
Rare Earths

Author: Jacques Lucas

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2014-09-09

Total Pages: 407

ISBN-13: 0444627448

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High-technology and environmental applications of the rare-earth elements (REE) have grown dramatically in diversity and importance over the past four decades. This book provides a scientific understanding of rare earth properties and uses, present and future. It also points the way to efficient recycle of the rare earths in end-of-use products and efficient use of rare earths in new products. Scientists and students will appreciate the book's approach to the availability, structure and properties of rare earths and how they have led to myriad critical uses, present and future. Experts should buy this book to get an integrated picture of production and use (present and future) of rare earths and the science behind this picture. This book will prove valuable to.non-scientists as well in order to get an integrated picture of production and use of rare earths in the 21st Century, and the science behind this picture. - Defines the chemical, physical and structural properties of rare earths. - Gives the reader a basic understanding of what rare earths can do for us. - Describes uses of each rare earth with chemical, physics, and structural explanations for the properties that underlie those uses. - Allows the reader to understand how rare earths behave and why they are used in present applications and will be used in future applications. - Explains to the reader where and how rare earths are found and produced and how they are best recycled to minimize environmental impact and energy and water consumption.