In Indo-European antiquity, much of the religious and cultural imaginary of all these peoples saw in the symbol of the tree and its fruit the arcane of knowledge, starting from the Sycamore Tree 1 in Egypt associated with the Goddess Isis, wife and mother of the pharaoh always ready to offer the hidden knowledge of things, giving the pharaoh the sap of knowledge to drink, even the Acacia Tree revered throughout the Mediterranean world for being a symbol central resistance, even with the Absence of rain the Acacia grows.
The fundamental nature of the tree as a symbol for many communities reflects the historical reality that human beings have always interacted with and depended upon trees for their survival. Trees provided one of the earliest forms of shelter, along with caves, and the bounty of trees, nuts, fruits, and berries, gave sustenance to gatherer-hunter populations. This study has concentrated on the tree as sacred and significant for a particular group of societies, living in the ancient and medieval eras in the geographical confines of Europe, and sharing a common Indo-European inheritance, but sacred trees are found throughout the world, in vastly different cultures and historical periods. Sacred trees feature in the religious frameworks of the Ghanaian Akan, Arctic Altaic shamanic communities, and in China and Japan. The power of the sacred tree as a symbol is derived from the fact that trees function as homologues of both human beings and of the cosmos. This study concentrates the tree as axis mundi (hub or centre of the world) and the tree as imago mundi (picture of the world). The Greeks and Romans in the ancient world, and the Irish, Anglo-Saxons, continental Germans and Scandinavians in the medieval world, all understood the power of the tree, and its derivative the pillar, as markers of the centre. Sacred trees and pillars dotted their landscapes, and the territory around them derived its meaning from their presence. Unfamiliar or even hostile lands could be tamed and made meaningful by the erection of a monument that replicated the sacred centre. Such monuments also linked with boundaries, and by extension with law and order, custom and tradition. The sacred tree and pillar as centre symbolized the stability of the cosmos and of society. When the Pagan peoples of Europe adopted Christianity, the sacred trees and pillars, visible signs of the presence of the gods in the landscape, were popular targets for axe-wielding saints and missionaries who desired to force the conversion of the landscape as well as the people. Yet Christianity had its own tree monument, the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified, and which came to signify resurrected life and the conquest of eternal death for the devout. As European Pagans were converted to Christianity, their tree and pillar monuments were changed into Christian forms; the great standing crosses of Anglo-Saxon northern England played many of the same roles as Pagan sacred trees and pillars. Irish and Anglo-Saxons Christians often combined the image of the Tree of Life from the Garden of Eden with Christ on the cross, to produce a Christian version of the tree as imago mundi.
In Indo-European antiquity, much of the religious and cultural imaginary of all these peoples saw in the symbol of the tree and its fruit the arcane of knowledge, starting from the Sycamore Tree 1 in Egypt associated with the Goddess Isis, wife and mother of the pharaoh always ready to offer the hidden knowledge of things, giving the pharaoh the sap of knowledge to drink, even the Acacia Tree revered throughout the Mediterranean world for being a symbol central resistance, even with the Absence of rain the Acacia grows.
Mythic Dawn is a journal of European mythology and folklore. This publication features a range of writing genres. The majority of the content is non-fiction discussion and analysis of myth and folklore. Also featured are personal essays and section for original poetry. This issue is packed with a wonderful cross section of European mythos, from legends, to mythology, to how folk belief turns up in historical accounts. This journal will take you on a fascinating journey into the legends, lore, beliefs, and customs of our European ancestors!
Essential to life on earth since the beginning of time, trees hold a special place in our collective consciousness: rooted in the earth, reaching skyward, nourished by the elements, and enlivened by the sap running through their veins, they provide a metaphor for what it means to be human. Moyra Caldecott has gathered here a collection of myths celebrating the rich symbolism of trees, all bringing to life a time when the natural world was deeply respected and trees and forests were thought to be inhabited by spirits and divine beings. Bound by the organized structure of modern life, the human spirit yearns for the wildness and freedom of primal nature represented by forests in their natural state. Caldecott's book has captured and given voice to this spirit.
The most renowned Druid priest in North America, Isaac Bonewits has spent the last four decades devoted to Druidic study. Now he imparts his wisdom through this elegant and thoughtful tour of ancient and modern Druidism. With impeccable scholarship, Bonewits explores the Druids' archeology and mythology, and helps to demystify their rituals and prayers.
An in-depth look at the history, herbal uses, and spiritual aspects of the sacred trees in the ancient Celtic Ogham Tree Alphabet • Details the 20 trees of the ogham alphabet and their therapeutic and magical virtues • Examines the Forest Druid practices associated with each tree as well as the traditional uses in Native American medicine • Describes the Celtic Fire Festivals and how each tree is featured in these holy days • By the author of A Druid’s Herbal for the Sacred Earth Year The Druids used the ancient Ogham Tree Alphabet to work magic and honor the dead, surrounding each letter with medicinal and spiritual lore. Poets and bards created a secret sign language to describe the letters, each of which is named for a tree or a plant. For centuries this language was transmitted only orally in order to protect its secrets. Combining her extensive herbal knowledge and keen poetic insight, Ellen Evert Hopman delves deeply into the historic allusions and associations of each of the 20 letters of the Ogham Tree Alphabet. She also examines Native American healing methods for possible clues to the way ancient Europeans may have used these trees as healing agents. Druidic spiritual practices, herbal healing remedies, and plant lore are included for each tree in the alphabet as well as how each is used in traditional rituals such as the Celtic Fire Festivals and other celebrations. Hopman also includes a pronunciation guide for the oghams and information on the divinatory meanings associated with each tree.
Vitruvius survives 1 to this day not only as the author of a Magno treatise on architecture, one of the few scientific and historical documents referring to the art of construction that has survived the shipwreck of classical treatises, but also as an outstanding representative of the art of build during the Roman Empire in the time of Augustus. We could rightly add that his legacy transcends the boundaries of time and enshrines him as the teacher of generations, a tradition that has persisted through the centuries. His work not only provides a valuable compendium of architectural knowledge and design principles, but also serves as a lasting testament to the aesthetic and functional ideals that have influenced architecture throughout history. The applicability of his 1 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (Latin Marcus Vitruvius Pollio; c. 80 BC-70 BC-15 BC) was a Roman architect, writer, engineer, and treatise writer of the 1st century BC. c. Página 1 de 791 Life and work of Marcus Vitruvius principles throughout the ages underscores the universality and temporality of his teachings. “The work itself also provides the only clues to its dating: based on information about individual Roman buildings, the beginning of the composition can be dated to 33 BC. BC. Thus, Vitruvius stands not only as an exponent of classical antiquity, but also as an enduring guide in the art of construction, whose teachings continue to inspire architects and builders throughout the ages. His legacy encompasses not only architectural technique, but also the very essence of the art of building, transcending temporal barriers and enriching our understanding of creativity and engineering in construction. The era of Vitruvius and the transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire. The birth name of the man who would later be known as Augustus was Gaius Octavius (Gaius Octavius). According to Suetonius, he initially bore the nickname Turinus, although there is no additional documentation of this. Cassius Dion mentions the name Caipias as another nickname for Augustus, although it has been little noticed. After being adopted Página 2 de 791 Life and work of Marcus Vitruvius testamentarily by Caesar in 44 BC, he officially adopted the name C. Iulius Caesar, or in its full form with filiation, Gaius Iulius C. f. Caesar, 44 BC The young Octavian became Julius Caesar's heir after his assassination in 44 BC. C. A year later, in 43 BC. c. A year later, in 43 BC, Octavian, along with Mark Antony and Lepidus, established a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. In his role as triumvir, Octavian exercised control over Rome and most of its provinces, adopting an autocratic approach. He secured consular power after the deaths of the consuls Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa, in addition to being re-elected each year. Over time, the triumvirate began to fall apart due to the individual ambitions of its members: Lepidus was forced into exile, and Mark Antony ended up committing suicide after his defeat at the naval battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet, commanded by Agrippa, in 31 BC Vitruvius lived in a time characterized by constant political turmoil. After long decades of internal conflict, Rome was undergoing the transformation from a republic to what we now recognize as the Roman Empire. In this period of Página 3 de 791 Life and work of Marcus Vitruvius change, new social strata emerged, accessing positions of power to which they previously did not have access. With the dissolution of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian undertook the restoration of republican principles, reestablishing governmental power in the Senate. However, in practice, he retained significant autocratic power. It took several years to determine the precise structure by which a republican entity could be led by a single ruler, and the end result was known as the Principality. Unlike the Roman dictatorship of the Republic, which figures such as Caesar and Sulla had held in the past, the imperial title was not considered an office of the same nature. Augustus formally rejected this title after Roman society "begged him to assume the dictatorship." References: Formally Imperator Caesar, Divi filius, Augustus, 'Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of the Divine (Julius Caesar)' Classic sources: Augustus (first century). Divi Augusti's dreams. The Works of Divi Augusti (1994) trans. J. M. Courteous Copete. ISBN 84-7882-148-1 Nicholas of Damascus (i century). The Life of Augustus. Tacitus (117) Annals. "Annals" Akal Classic 80: Latin Classics, Akal Editions. ISBN 9788446025368 Suetonius (iith century). From life Caesarum. Divine Augustus. Dion Cassius (iii century). Roman History, Books 45‐56
