The modal verbs can and may in English and Spanish

The modal verbs can and may in English and Spanish

Author: Andra Stefanescu

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2008-05-28

Total Pages: 89

ISBN-13: 3638054691

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Diploma Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Bucharest (Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures), language: English, abstract: Modality is a semantic concept that covers notions such as possibility, probability, permission, ability, volition, necessity and obligation. The class of modals is in many languages both syntactically and semantically highly irregular and unpredictable: modals frequently have idiosyncratic conjugational patterns and are subject to highly specialized syntactic rules. One of the main characteristic of modal verbs is their relatively imprecise and indeterminate meaning, their ambiguity: the same modal can be deontic (i.e. based on rules and regulations), but it may also involve processes, sets of knowledge or belief systems, and thus get an epistemic interpretation. In order to define the class of modals or to provide a set of environments in which a modal may be correctly or appropriately used, one must refer to many levels of language: the purely syntactic environment, as well as the logical structure, the context of the utterance, the assumptions that are shared by the speaker and the addressee, the social situation assumed by the participants in the discourse, the impression the speaker wants to make on the addressee, and so on. There is also the question of the appropriate context environments, that is, the semantic-pragmatic issue. Therefore, a complete analysis of a particular modal can only be achieved by looking both at its syntactic features and at its semantic structure; in other words, the syntax of a modal verb is based on its semantics, and these two dimensions are inseparable.


The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation

The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation

Author: Lester Kaufman

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-04-16

Total Pages: 272

ISBN-13: 1119652847

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The bestselling workbook and grammar guide, revised and updated! Hailed as one of the best books around for teaching grammar, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation includes easy-to-understand rules, abundant examples, dozens of reproducible quizzes, and pre- and post-tests to help teach grammar to middle and high schoolers, college students, ESL students, homeschoolers, and more. This concise, entertaining workbook makes learning English grammar and usage simple and fun. This updated 12th edition reflects the latest updates to English usage and grammar, and includes answers to all reproducible quizzes to facilitate self-assessment and learning. Clear and concise, with easy-to-follow explanations, offering "just the facts" on English grammar, punctuation, and usage Fully updated to reflect the latest rules, along with even more quizzes and pre- and post-tests to help teach grammar Ideal for students from seventh grade through adulthood in the US and abroad For anyone who wants to understand the major rules and subtle guidelines of English grammar and usage, The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation offers comprehensive, straightforward instruction.


Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Author: Kate Woodford

Publisher:

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 1550

ISBN-13: 9780521824231

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The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.


The Functional Perspective on Language and Discourse

The Functional Perspective on Language and Discourse

Author: María de los Ángeles Gómez González

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Published: 2014-05-15

Total Pages: 302

ISBN-13: 9027270201

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Over the last forty years, the functionalist approach to linguistic description and explanation has given rise to several major schools of thought that share two crucial assumptions: (i) form is not independent of meaning/function or language use; and (ii) linguistic description and explanation need to take into account the communicative function of language. This volume offers readers interested in functional linguistics a selected sample of studies that jointly prove the efficacy of the analytical tools and procedures broadly accepted within the functionalist tradition in order to investigate language and discourse, with special focus on key pragmatic/discourse notions such as contextualization, grammaticalisation, reference, politeness, (in-)directness, discourse markers, speech acts, subjective evaluation and sentiment analysis in texts, among others. In addition, this volume offers specific corpus-based techniques for the objective contextualisation of linguistic data, which is crucial given the central role allotted to context in both functional linguistics and pragmatics/discourse analysis.


Language and Function

Language and Function

Author: Josef Hladký

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 360

ISBN-13: 9789027215581

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The present volume, originally prepared to celebrate Jan Firbas' 80th birthday, unfortunately is presented only belatedly, to commemorate one of the most outstanding personalities of functional and structural linguistics. Its contributors have been inspired by the richness and penetrating invention of Firbas, contained in his analysis of functional sentence perspective and of many other aspects of sentence and discourse.


A Reference Grammar of Spanish

A Reference Grammar of Spanish

Author: R. E. Batchelor

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2010-04-29

Total Pages: 573

ISBN-13: 1139488473

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A Reference Grammar of Spanish is a comprehensive handbook on the structure of the Spanish language. Keeping technical terminology to a minimum, it provides a detailed yet clear point of reference on all the intricacies of Spanish grammar, covering word order, parts of speech, verb use, syntax, gender, number, alphabet, and pronunciation. Accompanied by a wealth of carefully chosen examples, it looks at Spanish in Iberia, the USA, Mexico, and Argentina, and demonstrates the differences between these varieties. It is designed specifically with English-speaking learners in mind, and contains useful tools such as a glossary of terms, an index, and a detailed examination of different registers of the language. Clearly structured and systematically organised, this volume is set to become the standard guide to the grammar of contemporary Spanish, and will be an invaluable resource for teachers and students, as well as a practical supplement to textbooks and classroom study.


Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish

Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish

Author: Julia Lavid

Publisher: A&C Black

Published: 2010-02-11

Total Pages: 468

ISBN-13: 1441155953

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This book offers a systemic-functional account of Spanish, and analyses how Spanish grammatical forms compare and contrast with those of English. The authors analyse Spanish according to the three main 'metafunctions': ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The result is a comprehensive examination of Spanish grammar from the clause upwards. Presupposing little or no knowledge of Spanish, this book will be of interest to researchers in Spanish language, systemic functional linguistics or contrastive linguistics.


The Qualls Concise English Grammar

The Qualls Concise English Grammar

Author: Eduard J. Qualls

Publisher: Danaan Press Inc

Published: 2012-02

Total Pages: 344

ISBN-13: 1890000094

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"The Qualls Concise English Grammar "is a text that treats specifically of North American English. American-Canadian English-"ACE"-is both the native dialect of the predominant majority (almost 74%) of native English speakers, and is the standard for International Business. "ACE "is the oldest dialect of English, preserving capabilities and distinctions of vocabulary that have been lost in British English and other dialects. "ACE" is, in fact, closer (particularly in grammar and pronunciation) to the language of Shakespeare than is modern British English. This grammar is written to the traditional standards of English teaching, in which understandability and correctness took precedence over the pseudo-psychology of undisciplinable self-esteem-ism. The grammar starts with a quick, high-level survey of the English language, aspects of its history and dialects. Then it presents schemas of the parts of speech and aspects of each that will be treated in the text. The grammar itself proceeds through each part of speech, starting with general descriptions and progressing to more detailed points and explanations. After this, aspects of the sentence are covered, followed by concise rules for capitalization and punctuation. Within the section for each part of speech and for the sentence are given points of correct or suggested usage. Copious examples are given for each description, rule or suggestion. The final part of the text covers Structural analysis of sentences and the clauses of which they are constructed. Parsing is treated first, with parsed selections taken from the examples given in the Grammar portion of the text. After that, extensive instructions are given for traditional diagramming and for an updated adaptation of traditional diagramming called "Qualls Concise Diagramming." "QCD" is built on the constructs of Reed/Kellogg diagramming, but incorporates improvements, in particular to representation of compound and complex components that too often resulted in indistinct representation or in spaghettification of the traditional diagrams. This book is an excellent study aid for the higher levels of grade school, for middle school, high school and even college students. It is vital for anyone whose job depends on the quality and effectiveness of their use of English, that is, all those in business, in broadcasting and those involved in writing, whether that be informal, commercial or literary. The book's extremely thorough presentation of diagramming will please those Americans who have become frustrated with the horrible decline both in standards of teaching materials and in the thoroughness of grammatical instruction. These will want to get copies to give to those friends and family members preparing for college entrance tests or for jobs that are highly language influenced or dependent.


Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

Modality in Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

Author: Werner Abraham

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2020-09-17

Total Pages: 455

ISBN-13: 1108861083

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What do we mean when we say things like 'If only we knew what he was up to!' Clearly this is more than just a message, or a question to our addressee. We are expressing simultaneously that we don't know, and also that we wish to know. Several modes of encoding contribute to such modalities of expression: word order, subordinating subjunctions, sentences that are subordinated but nevertheless occur autonomously, and attitudinal discourse adverbs which, far beyond lexical adverbials of modality, allow the speaker and the listener to presuppose full agreement, partial agreement under presupposed conditions, or negotiation of common ground. This state of the art survey proposes a new model of modality, drawing on data from a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages to find out what is cross-linguistically universal about modality, and to argue that it is a constitutive part of human cognition.


Apprendre English Grammar

Apprendre English Grammar

Author: Arpit Sarvesh

Publisher: Wordsswiggle publication

Published: 2024-09-23

Total Pages: 298

ISBN-13: 8197985952

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Writing has always been a part of my life. I have expressed myself through poems and personal reflections on various topics, but I had never ventured into writing anything related to academics—until now. Despite my dedication to learning, I found that many of the English grammar books I read were difficult to understand, and I realized this challenge is shared by many people. In today’s world, having a strong grasp of English is more important than ever, which is why I decided to write this book, Apprendre English Grammar, after conducting extensive research. This book covers every topic in English grammar, but what sets it apart from others is its simplicity. Here, you will find clear meanings, examples, and practical uses of every grammatical concept, all explained in easy-to-understand language. While English grammar can be a complex subject, my goal was to present it in such a way that anyone, regardless of their prior knowledge, can read, understand, and apply the concepts. In over 298 pages, I have provided detailed and comprehensive explanations on every topic, ensuring that this book is a valuable resource even for those who are completely new to English. I believe that through this book, even beginners will be able to study English in a structured and effective manner, ultimately improving their command of the language. My hope is that Apprendre English Grammar will be a helpful guide for all readers seeking to enhance their understanding of English grammar.