Gender Integration in NATO Military Forces
Gender Integration in NATO Military Forces

Author: Dr Lana Obradovic

Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Published: 2014-07-28

Total Pages: 229

ISBN-13: 1472407652

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Numerous states have passed gender integration legislation permanently admitting women into their military forces. As a result, states have dramatically increased women’s numbers, and improved gender equality by removing a number of restrictions. Yet despite changes and initiatives on both domestic and international levels to integrate gender perspectives into the military, not all states have improved to the same extent. Some have successfully promoted gender integration in the ranks by erasing all forms of discrimination, but others continue to impede it by setting limitations on equal access to careers, combat, and ranks. Why do states abandon their policies of exclusion and promote gender integration in a way that women’s military participation becomes an integral part of military force? By examining twenty-four NATO member states, this book argues that civilian policymakers and military leadership no longer surrender to parochial gendered division of the roles, but rather support integration to meet the recruitment numbers due to military modernization, professionalization and technological advancements. Moreover, it proposes that increased pressure by the United Nations to integrate gender into security and NATO seeking standardization and consistency on the international level, and women’s movements on the domestic level, are contributing to greater gender integration in the military.

Women and Gender Perspectives in the Military
Women and Gender Perspectives in the Military

Author: Robert Egnell

Publisher: Georgetown University Press

Published: 2019-02-01

Total Pages: 291

ISBN-13: 1626166269

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Women and Gender Perspectives in the Military compares the integration of women, gender perspectives, and the women, peace, and security agenda into the armed forces of eight countries plus NATO and United Nations peacekeeping operations. This book brings a much-needed crossnational analysis of how militaries have or have not improved gender balance, what has worked and what has not, and who have been the agents for change. The country cases examined are Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and South Africa. Despite increased opportunities for women in the militaries of many countries and wider recognition of the value of including gender perspectives to enhance operational effectiveness, progress has encountered roadblocks even nearly twenty years after United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 kicked off the women, peace, and security agenda. Robert Egnell, Mayesha Alam, and the contributors to this volume conclude that there is no single model for change that can be applied to every country, but the comparative findings reveal many policy-relevant lessons while advancing scholarship about women and gendered perspectives in the military.

The Behavioral Health of Minority Active Duty Service Members
The Behavioral Health of Minority Active Duty Service Members

Author: Eunice C. Wong

Publisher:

Published: 2021-03-31

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13: 9781977405654

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Behavioral health disparities, in which socially disadvantaged groups such as racial/ethnic minorities, women, and sexual orientation minorities experience greater risk for certain mental health and substance use problems, are well documented in the general population. Less is known about whether similar behavioral health disparities exist among military service members. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) wanted to understand whether the behavioral health disparities seen in the civilian population also exist in the military, which is important to help DoD target its efforts to address the needs of service members and improve force readiness. To investigate this issue, RAND researchers examined the following: (1) whether minority group service members are more likely to experience mental health and substance use problems relative to their majority counterparts in the military and (2) whether minority-majority group differences in behavioral health within the military are similar or different from those in the civilian population. Any minority-majority group differences observed in the military were tested to see if they remain after accounting for sociocultural environmental factors (e.g., demographics, social support, harassment). Identifying where behavioral health disparities exist among military minority service groups and the factors that may be associated with observed disparities can help DoD better target efforts to address the behavioral health needs of its troops. Further, if minority group disparities are greater in the military than in the civilian population, this might signal the presence of factors specific to the military context that may exacerbate minority group service members' risk for behavioral health conditions. The study used data from the 2015 Health Related Behavior Survey (HRBS), the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), the 2015 and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Behavioral health conditions included mental health (i.e., depression, suicide behaviors, posttraumatic stress disorder) and substance use (i.e., problematic alcohol use, tobacco use) outcomes.

Organizational Obliviousness
Organizational Obliviousness

Author: Alesha Doan

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2019-06-13

Total Pages: 136

ISBN-13: 110862006X

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Exploring efforts to integrate women into combat forces in the military, we investigate how resistance to equity becomes entrenched, ultimately excluding women from being full participants in the workplace. Based on focus groups and surveys with members of Special Operations, we found most of the resistance is rooted in traditional gender stereotypes that are often bolstered through organizational policies and practices. The subtlety of these practices often renders them invisible. We refer to this invisibility as organizational obliviousness. Obliviousness exists at the individual level, it becomes reinforced at the cultural level, and, in turn, cultural practices are entrenched institutionally by policies. Organizational obliviousness may not be malicious or done to actively exclude or harm, but the end result is that it does both. Throughout this Element we trace the ways that organizational obliviousness shapes individuals, culture, and institutional practices throughout the organization.

A Century in Uniform
A Century in Uniform

Author: Stacy Fowler

Publisher: McFarland

Published: 2020-01-17

Total Pages: 229

ISBN-13: 1476637970

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 From silents of the early American motion picture era through 21st century films, this book offers a decade-by-decade examination of portrayals of women in the military. The full range of genres is explored, along with films created by today's military women about their experiences. Laws regarding women in the service are analyzed, along with discussion of the challenges they have faced in the push for full participation and of the changing societal attitudes through the years.

It's My Country Too
It's My Country Too

Author: Jerri Bell

Publisher: U of Nebraska Press

Published: 2017-07-01

Total Pages: 376

ISBN-13: 1612348319

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This inspiring anthology it the first to convey the noteworthy experiences and contributions of women in the American military in their own words-from the Revolutionary War to the present wars in the Middle East. Serving with the Union Army during the Civil War as a nurse, scout, spy, and soldier, Harriet Tubman tells what it was like to be the first American woman to lead a raid against an enemy, freeing some 750 slaves. Busting gender stereotypes, Inga Fredriksen Ferris's describes how it felt to be a woman marine during World War II. Heidi Squier Kraft recounts her experiences as a lieutenant commander in the navy, deployed to Iraq as a psychologist to provide mental health care in a combat zone. In excerpts from their diaries, letters, oral histories, military depositions and testimonies, as well as from published and unpublished memoirs-generations of women reveal why and how they chose to serve their country, often breaking with social norms and at great personal peril.

Women in Combat
Women in Combat

Author: Congressional Research Service

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2017-01-09

Total Pages: 44

ISBN-13: 9781542450041

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Over the past two decades of conflict, women have served with valor and continue to serve on combat aircraft, naval vessels, and in support of ground combat operations. The expansion of roles for women in the Armed Forces has evolved since the early days of the military when women were restricted by law and policy from serving in certain occupations and units. Women have not been precluded by law from serving in any military unit or occupational specialty since 1993 when Congress repealed the remaining prohibitions on women serving on combatant aircraft and vessels. However, Department of Defense (DOD) policies have prevented women from being assigned to units below brigade level where the unit's primary mission was to engage directly in ground combat. This policy barred women from serving in infantry, artillery, armor, combat engineers, and special operations units of battalion size or smaller. On January 24, 2013, then-Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta rescinded the rule that restricted women from serving in combat units and directed the military departments and services to review their occupational standards and assignment policies and to make recommendations for opening all combat roles to women no later than January 1, 2016. On December 3, 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the military to open all combat jobs to women with no exceptions. This most recent policy change followed extensive studies that were completed by the military departments and by the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) on issues such as unit cohesion, women's health, equipment, facilities modifications, propensity to serve, and international experiences with women in combat. These studies also included a review and validation of gender-neutral occupational standards for combat roles where such standards existed. On March 10, 2016, Secretary Carter announced that the Services' and SOCOM's implementation plans for the integration of women into direct ground combat roles were approved. Some concerns about the implementation of the new policy remain, including the recruitment, assignment, and career management of women into the new roles, and the impact of integration on unit readiness. Congress has oversight authority in these matters, and may also consider issues such as equal opportunity, equal responsibility (such as selective service registration), and the overall manpower needs of the military.

Recruiting Policies and Practices for Women in the Military
Recruiting Policies and Practices for Women in the Military

Author: Douglas Yeung

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9780833098078

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"This study identifies approaches for bolstering recruiting of women into the armed services during the years in which ground combat jobs are transitioning to include women. RAND conducted in-depth interviews and focus groups with new recruits, recruiters, and recruiting leadership. Several themes emerged from these discussions. Many female recruits in our focus groups preferred female recruiters and female-specific events. Many male recruits in our focus groups reported not being influenced by the policy change to open combat jobs to women. Recruiters and recruits in our focus groups reported dissatisfaction with what they view as burdensome administrative requirements. Both recruiters and recruits recommended launching advertising campaigns showing women serving alongside men in a wide range of military jobs, and debunking stereotypes of military service. Finally, commanders of the recruiting services reported concern over resources available to them in the current environment. We recommend that resources be set aside to specifically target outreach to women, that the services increase the proportion of recruiters who are women and increase their visibility at recruiting events, and that the services work to reduce administrative burdens on recruiters and recruits."--Publisher's description.

Women and the Military
Women and the Military

Author: Martin Binkin

Publisher:

Published: 1977

Total Pages: 152

ISBN-13:

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Monograph on women's participation in the armed forces in the USA - traces the traditional role of women in the armed forces, examines attitudes towards a more active military role for women, and discusses women's rights and sociological aspects, costs and effects on efficiency, etc. Graphs, references and statistical tables.