The Immunomodulatory Roles of Adipocytes
The Immunomodulatory Roles of Adipocytes

Author:

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2023-09-05

Total Pages: 103

ISBN-13: 2889743195

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Obesity is increasing in epidemic proportions worldwide. A low-grade inflammation caused by obesity leads to its many inflammation-associated complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, accelerated atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that can lead to liver cirrhosis, heart failure, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. This systemic inflammation is due to profound changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment, at the heart of which is the adipocyte. Increasing evidence suggests the adipocyte not only stores excess energy, but initiates an escalating pro-inflammatory cascade in adipose tissue during high-fat diet. The adipocyte secretes over 50 cytokines and hormones that both enhance and suppress inflammation, secretes extracellular matrix proteins that impact inflammation, produces and releases toxic lipids that aggravate inflammation, and, more recently, was shown to present antigen to activate CD4+ T cells. Although discovered several decades ago, studies continue to identify pro-inflammatory roles for leptin and anti-inflammatory activities for adiponectin, hormones secreted in large amounts by the adipocyte.

The Role of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells in Immune Responses
The Role of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells in Immune Responses

Author: Alistair James McIntosh

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Recent evidence indicates that immune cells within adipose tissues can drive the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures, known as Fat Associated Lymphoid Clusters (FALC). FALC support B-cell antibody production in response to infection and inflammation. This investigation explores the immune cell composition and role of different adipose tissues both in steady state and during immune responses in mice. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the immune cell composition of peritoneal adipose tissues was performed. To investigate the function and migratory properties of these tissue-resident cells, cytokine and chemokine receptor expression was then assessed. How immune cells in adipose tissues responded to infection was examined using an intestinal helminth infection with the parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Adipose tissues predominantly contained regulatory T cells, invariant natural killer T cells and group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s). Significant differences were observed in composition, cell surface markers and cytokine production of ILC2s between adipose depots and secondary lymphoid tissues, indicating that tissue specific signals can direct ILC2 responses. Finally, increases were observed in ILC2 and FALC numbers in the mesenteries of WT mice following parasite infection. These data indicate that immune cells within adipose tissues respond to infection and may contribute to immune responses.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Author: Jeffrey M. Gimble

Publisher: Humana Press

Published: 2011-08-24

Total Pages: 474

ISBN-13: 9781617379611

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During the past decade, a wide range of scientific disciplines have adopted the use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) as an important tool for research and discovery. In Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols, experts from the field, including members of the esteemed International Federation of Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS), provide defined and established protocols in order to further codify the utilization of these powerful and accessible cells. With chapters organized around approaches spanning the discovery, pre-clinical, and clinical processes, much of the emphasis is placed on human ASC, while additional techniques involving small and large animal species are included. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, the detailed contributions include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital reference text for experienced researchers as well as new students on the path to further exploring the incredible potential of ASCs.

Obesity and Lipotoxicity
Obesity and Lipotoxicity

Author: Ayse Basak Engin

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-06-05

Total Pages: 618

ISBN-13: 331948382X

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Due to the resultant health consequences and considerable increase in prevalence, obesity has become a major worldwide health problem. “Obesity and Lipotoxicity” is a comprehensive review of the recent researches to provide a better understanding of the lipotoxicity-related mechanisms of obesity and the potential for the development of new treatment strategies. This book overviews the biochemical pathways leading to obesity-related metabolic disorders that occur subsequent to lipotoxicity. Chapters examine the deleterious effects of nutrient excess at molecular level including the cellular and molecular aspects of breast cancer, resistance to leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and interconnection between the circadian clock and metabolic pathways during high-fat feeding. “Lipotoxicity and Obesity” will be a useful resource for clinicians and basic science researchers, such as biochemists, toxicologists, immunologists, nutritionists, adult and pediatric endocrinologists, cardiologists, as well as students who are thought in this field.

Scientific Principles of Adipose Stem Cells
Scientific Principles of Adipose Stem Cells

Author: Lauren Kokai

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2021-08-19

Total Pages: 486

ISBN-13: 0128193778

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Scientific Principles of Adipose Stem Cells provides readers with in-depth and expert knowledge on adipose stem cells, their developmental biologic origins, foundational research on ASC signaling mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties, and clinical insights into applications in regenerative medicine. Topics covered include basic adipose stem cell developmental biology and mechanisms of regulating self-renewal and activation in the stem cell niche, important methods for isolation and characterizing ASCs, and data on the impact on human demographics (age, sex, BMI) on ASC phenotype. A section devoted to ASC biology, ASCs for stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine, and ASCs in tissue engineering applications are also included. The book is written for scientists and clinicians who are broadly familiar with stem cells and basic cell biology principles and those seeking advanced information on adipose stem cells. Coverage of basic adipose stem cell developmental biology (maturation process during embryogenesis) and mechanisms of regulating self-renewal and activation in the stem cell niche Includes important methods for isolation and characterizing ASCs, as well as known data any impact of human demographics (age, sex, BMI) on ASC phenotype An entire section dedicated to ASC biology, additional sections will be devoted to ASCs for stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine, as well as ASCs in tissue engineering applications

Immunometabolism
Immunometabolism

Author: Suresh Mishra

Publisher: Humana

Published: 2021-09-02

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13: 9781071608043

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This detailed book showcases the tremendous effort and progress made in developing techniques and protocols for the study of immunometabolism, and in utilizing recent technological advances for probing and manipulating adipose and immune cells, and subsequently, their functions and immunometabolic consequences. Written by experts in the field, many chapters use macrophages as a model immune cell type, due to their prominence in the innate immune system and the exhaustive study of their traits. Protocols using adipocytes, dendritic cells, and T cells as model cell lines, as well as measurement of glucose metabolism at the systemic level, have also been included. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology book series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Immunometabolism: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital guide for researchers working at the important interface of immunology and metabolism.

Metabolic Basis of Obesity
Metabolic Basis of Obesity

Author: Rexford S. Ahima

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-11-16

Total Pages: 395

ISBN-13: 1441916075

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The obesity epidemic has generated immense interest in recent years due to the wide-ranging and significant adverse health and economic consequences that surround the problem. Much attention has been focused on behaviors that lead to obesity, in particular to over consumption of energy-dense food and to sedentary lifestyle. However, obesity is an extremely complex condition with poorly defined pathogenesis. Thanks to greatly enhanced research in the area, the discovery of pathways in the brain and peripheral organs that mediate energy homeostasis has provided a framework for understanding the biological basis of obesity. Metabolic Basis of Obesity adds an important new dimension to the growing literature on obesity by offering a comprehensive review of specifically how metabolic imbalance culminates in obesity. Developed by a team of expert authors, this important title discusses the principles of energy balance, genetics of body weight regulation, hormones and adipokines, and metabolic pathways in the brain, liver, muscle and fat, to name just several of the areas covered. The book also examines the connection between obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other complications. Current and future diagnostic and treatment strategies are also reviewed. Comprehensive and timely, Metabolic Basis of Obesity is an essential reference for understanding the burgeoning problem of obesity.

Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases
Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases

Author:

Publisher: Birkhäuser

Published: 2016-09-15

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9783764385309

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Inflammation has become one of the most exciting and rewarding areas of medical research. Recent years have seen a revolution in our understanding of how blood and tissue cells interact and of the intracellular mechanisms controlling their activation. This has revealed the underlying inflammatory pathology of many diseases and provided multiple new targets for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy. The Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases will cover the following areas: Inflammatory Processes and Cells Inflammatory Diseases Mediators of Inflammation Pharmacology of Inflammation Since inflammatory diseases and their therapy cover a broad range of scientific and medical fields, the encyclopedia will be co-edited by four international experts, a clinician and three researchers from the disciplines of immunology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, in this way providing students, basic and clinical scientists and practitioners in academia, hospitals and industry with valuable interlinked information. This living project will serve as a reliable and comprehensive data pool for everybody working in inflammation research. Owing to its dynamic nature, it will grow with time and future editions, becoming an indispensible source of information for academia, clinical practitioners and industry.

Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease

Author: Todd Leff

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2010-03-19

Total Pages: 530

ISBN-13: 9783527629534

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This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic covers all the different aspects vital in the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary aspects of the tissue. The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.