By the 11th century much of former Roman North Africa had declined to the point where the African Romantic language was in massive decline, as the various episcopal sees in the region had been reduced under the last three centuries of Arab hegemony. Pope Leo IX wrote two letters to the archbishopric of Carthage in 1053 determining their status, and offering his congratulations regarding a synod that been held a few years prior. These two letters represent the last contact noted with any Latin church in North Africa before it permanently disappeared in the 12th century.
Documents from Christian churches in North Africa are rare following the Arab conquest in 699 AD. What survives is a handful of letters relating to churches and local Arab authorities which cast some insight into the state of the African church during the height of the Caliphate. These documents are few and far between and are largely of Italian origin. The papacy attempted to remain active in the affairs of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco throughout the Medieval period until the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese missions during the 15th century.
Jusqu'a maintenant, l'intitulatio et l'inscriptio avaient ete suffisamment etudiees, mais la salutatio restait relativement negligee. Cette lacune est aujourd'hui en partie comblee. C. D. Lanham a l'art de situer la question qu'elle traite dans le cadre plus vaste des regles du style epistolaire; elle ouvre des apercus interessants sur certains aspects de l'education medievale, et ne manque pas de signaler des problemes qui meriteraient l'attention des chercheurs. Revue des etudes latines (1977) Ms. Lanham's study has the great merit first of all of reflecting her own eager interest in pursuing such an apparently narrow theme. Her enthusiasm even leads her to conclude with a postscript suggesting further research. [Lanham is] obviously a born medievalist. Her work has the further merit of providing us fully and reliably with the means necessary to enable us to make our own interpretations and reach our own conclusions. It is well organized; the problems...are clearly stated at the outset, and every promise is fulfilled. She starts with the obligatory rapid survey of classical usage, both Greek and Latin, then passes to a detailed and skillful analysis of the various types of conventional epistolary formulas that developed from it in the Middle Ages. This is clearly not a work that can be summarized; suffice it to say that the transition...is indeed a wondrous one, and every step of the way is here clearly illuminated. The Classical Journal (1977) Das Buch der Schulerin von Bengt Lofstedt ist ein bedeutender Beitrag fur die Erforschung der Epistolographie des Mittelalters, ausgezeichnet durch die absolute Neuartigkeit der Untersuchung bei nur minimalen und sporadischen bisherigen Beitragen; die Untersuchung ist gleichzeitig ein Musterbeispiel fur wissenschaftliches Arbeiten im Hinblick auf die sorgfaltig genaue dokumentarische und bibliographische Information, die methodische Strenge und Vorsicht, die bei einem so stark formalisierten und daher willkurlichen Manipulationen ausgesetzten Bereich nichts zulasst, was nicht eindeutig belegt werden kann, und ebenso hinsichtlich der reichen und treffenden Ergebnisse, die des ofteren uber den Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit hinausgehen und Auswirkungen haben fur einen viel umfassenderen Bereich der mal. Kultur. Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch (1979)
Paul's relationship to Christianity-as a Pharisaic Jew whose moment of revelation on the road to Damascus has made him the most famous early Christian-is still a topic of great interest to scholars of early Christianity and Judaism. This collection of essays from world-renowned scholars examines how Christians of the first two centuries perceived Paul's Jewishness, and how they seized upon Paul's views on Judaism in order to advance their own claims about Christianity. The contributors offer a comprehensive examination of various early Christian views on Paul, in texts contained both in and outside of the New Testament, demonstrating how the reception of Paul's thought affected the formation of Judaism and Christianity into separate entities. Divided into five sections, the arguments focus upon Paul's reception in Ephesians, the other Deutero-Pauline Epistles, the Acts of the Apostles, Marcion of Synope and the reaction of Paul's opponents. Featuring essays from scholars including Judith Lieu, James H. Charlesworth and Harry O. Meier, this volume forms a perfect resource for scholars to reassess Paul's Jewishness and relationship with Judaism.
