Normal Growth of Dairy Heifers
Normal Growth of Dairy Heifers

Author: Charles Lloyd Burlingham

Publisher:

Published: 1914

Total Pages: 144

ISBN-13:

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The Federal Office of Farm Management reports (March, 1914) that there are 21,749,651 dairy cows in the United States. Considering the average productive life to be six of seven years, it is evident that 3,000,000 to 3,500,000 heifers must be grown each year to maintain the present number of dairy cows. The Government estimate of the cost of raising each to a productive age is $61.41. It therefore is important, not only that they be economically grown, but that they make such growth as will result in greatest production at maturity. A review of literature shows that little has been done experimentally on the growth of dairy cattle. While the scientific facts of growth have been worked out with man and with laboratory animals, almost no application of these facts has been made to the development of farm animals. The basis of this thesis is a study of growth of dairy heifers from birth to first parturition. The development of animals kept under different planes of nutrition is considered and compared with that made by those fed rations which are thought to be suitable for normal growth. From this data a standard of growth is calculated showing the size a heifer should attain at any particular age.

Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle

Author: Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-05-16

Total Pages: 249

ISBN-13: 0309069343

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As members of the public becomes more concious of the food they consume and its content, higher standards are expected in the preparation of such food. The updated seventh edition of Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle explores the impact of cattle's biological, production, and environmental diversities, as well as variations on nutrient utilization and requirements. More enhanced than previous editions, this edition expands on the descriptions of cattle and their nutritional requirements taking management and environmental conditions into consideration. The book clearly communicates the current state of beef cattle nutrient requirements and animal variation by visually presenting related data via computer-generated models. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle expounds on the effects of beef cattle body condition on the state of compensatory growth, takes an in-depth look at the variations in cattle type, and documents the important effects of the environment and stress on food intake. This volume also uses new data on the development of a fetus during pregnancy to prescribe nutrient requirements of gestating cattle more precisely. By focusing on factors such as product quality and environmental awareness, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presents standards and advisements for acceptable nutrients in a complete and conventional manner that promotes a more practical understanding and application.

Calf and Heifer Feeding and management
Calf and Heifer Feeding and management

Author: Zhijun Cao

Publisher: MDPI

Published: 2020-12-11

Total Pages: 208

ISBN-13: 3039436619

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From birth to first calving, the replacement heifer undergoes tremendous changes anatomically as well as in feeding and management practices. The calf changes from being a pseudo-monogastric to a full ruminant within a period of two months. During the same period, the calf is fed colostrum, milk, or milk replacer, and starter with or without hay. Notably, the lifetime milk production and health of a dairy cow is highly dependent on early life nutrition and management of the calf and, subsequently, the heifer. Hence, animal scientists continue to investigate critical areas such as colostrum feeding, the level of liquid feeding, gut microbial succession, energy and protein levels, housing, health management, and their interactions with the animal in an effort to help dairy producers raise successful and sustainable dairy enterprises.